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Preterm infants

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Book Chapter
Series: Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series
Volume: 86
Published: 28 June 2016
10.1159/000442738
EISBN: 978-3-318-05483-5
... extent. Postnatally, we have succeeded in improving the nitrogen balance in preterm infants, but the preconditions need also to be improved before concluding that today's policy is optimal. Only by gaining more knowledge on both fetal and neonatal physiology and disease will we be able to further...
Book Chapter
Series: Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series
Volume: 96
Published: 30 June 2022
10.1159/000519384
EISBN: 978-3-318-07015-6
... Abstract Approaches to enteral feeding significantly preterm infants’ impact short-term outcomes including survival, late-onset sepsis (LOS), and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and neurodevelopmental and later health outcomes. Clinical practice and trial data are dominated by short-term...
Book Chapter
Series: Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series
Volume: 96
Published: 30 June 2022
10.1159/000519389
EISBN: 978-3-318-07015-6
... Abstract The last 20 years have seen dramatic improvements in survival for preterm infants in both high- and low-income settings. Survival rates of over 50% in infants born 16 weeks early (24 weeks’ gestation) are now commonplace in well-resourced neonatal intensive care units. However...
Book Chapter
Series: Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series
Volume: 96
Published: 30 June 2022
10.1159/000519399
EISBN: 978-3-318-07015-6
... Abstract In preterm infants, the key goals of nutrition are to establish adequate growth and to contribute to appropriate neurodevelopmental outcome. In this context, the postdischarge period is crucial to establish catch-up growth and avoid wrong metabolic programming caused by overfeeding...
Book Chapter
Series: Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series
Volume: 96
Published: 30 June 2022
10.1159/000519397
EISBN: 978-3-318-07015-6
... Abstract Mother’s own milk is universally recognized as the optimal source of nutrition for preterm infants, although most authorities agree a multi-nutrient fortifier must be added in order to support nutrient accretion at a rate comparable to in utero. Nevertheless, many preterm infants face...
Book Chapter
Series: Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series
Volume: 96
Published: 30 June 2022
10.1159/000519394
EISBN: 978-3-318-07015-6
... Abstract For preterm and small-for-gestational age infants on enteral nutrition, the best solution is to add human milk fortifier (HMF) to human milk (HM) which is provided by the mother or a milk bank. HMF provides a means to add additional protein, energy, and micronutrients, while...
Book Chapter
Series: Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series
Volume: 96
Published: 30 June 2022
10.1159/000519393
EISBN: 978-3-318-07015-6
... Abstract Deficiency or excess of specific micronutrients is common in preterm infants and can have many effects on health outcomes, ranging from life-threatening electrolyte disturbances to long-term effects on growth, brain development, bone health, and the risk of retinopathy of prematurity...
Book Chapter
Series: Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series
Volume: 96
Published: 30 June 2022
10.1159/000519404
EISBN: 978-3-318-07015-6
... are widely used in the United States. They have the advantage to be completely sterile, and another benefit is easier mixing. The main downside of liquid fortifiers is their volume replacement of HM (about 16.7%). The recommendations on the amounts of enteral protein needed by preterm infants (3.5–4.5 g/kg...
Book Chapter
Series: Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series
Volume: 96
Published: 30 June 2022
10.1159/000519396
EISBN: 978-3-318-07015-6
..., Bifidobacterium spp. are the primary bacterium used in probiotic supplements, owing to their association with positive outcomes in cohort studies and range of beneficial properties in mechanistic experiments. Preterm infants born <32 weeks’ gestation encounter an unnatural beginning to life, with housing...
Book Chapter
Series: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics
Volume: 124
Published: 15 June 2022
10.1159/000517191
EISBN: 978-3-318-06296-0
... Growth Early nutrition Human milk Standardized feeding protocol Key Messages Most preterm infants are appropriate for gestational age at birth but experience postnatal growth faltering. A combined approach of early enteral and parenteral nutrition is necessary to optimize...
Book Chapter
Series: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics
Volume: 124
Published: 15 June 2022
10.1159/000517556
EISBN: 978-3-318-06296-0
... Human milk fortifier Growth faltering Post-discharge formula Complementary feeding Protein energy ratio Key Messages Very preterm infants discharged from hospital with a bodyweight of around 1,800–2,000 g have markedly higher nutrient needs than infants born at term...
Book Chapter
Series: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics
Volume: 122
Published: 03 September 2021
10.1159/000514739
EISBN: 978-3-318-06647-0
...Key Messages Meeting physiological nutrient requirements should maintain normal health and development. In preterm infants, a lack of conclusive data results in considerable uncertainty on the acceptable range of nutrient intakes. Introduction Meeting the nutritional needs...
Book Chapter
Series: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics
Volume: 122
Published: 03 September 2021
10.1159/000514736
EISBN: 978-3-318-06647-0
...Key Messages Energy requirements are influenced by age and weight in addition to other clinical factors. Weight gain is a reasonable surrogate marker for adequate energy intake in the preterm infant. Energy balance influences not only weight gain, but also body composition. Glucose...
Book Chapter
Series: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics
Volume: 122
Published: 03 September 2021
10.1159/000514749
EISBN: 978-3-318-06647-0
... but are linked to functional outcomes such as immune and brain functions. Introduction The supply of fats provides a preterm infant with a major portion of its energy needs, as well as numerous bioactive compounds such as essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), lipid-soluble vitamins, and complex...
Book Chapter
Series: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics
Volume: 122
Published: 03 September 2021
10.1159/000514771
EISBN: 978-3-318-06647-0
...Key Messages There is no high-quality evidence to base dietary recommendations for vitamins for preterm infants. Current dietary recommendations for vitamins are often inflated to follow the “concept of prudence.” A multimodal approach, including at least dietary intake assessment...
Book Chapter
Series: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics
Volume: 122
Published: 03 September 2021
10.1159/000514747
EISBN: 978-3-318-06647-0
...Key Messages Bioactive components can be defined as dietary components having a health effect beyond their purely nutritional contribution. Several bioactive components in breast milk have been suggested as health-promoting enteral diet components or supplements for preterm infants...
Book Chapter
Series: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics
Volume: 122
Published: 03 September 2021
10.1159/000514772
EISBN: 978-3-318-06647-0
... for groups of preterm infants based on body weight categories were derived for some nutrients, whereas for others the available evidence was considered insufficient to do so. The primary goal of this book project has been to define desirable ranges of daily nutrient intakes for populations...
Book Chapter
Series: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics
Volume: 122
Published: 03 September 2021
10.1159/000514751
EISBN: 978-3-318-06647-0
...Key Messages Parenteral nutrition is a lifesaving therapy for newborn infants with congenital or acquired gut disorders or with prolonged feeding intolerance. Bridging parenteral nutrition for the very low birth weight preterm infant ensures adequate nutrient supply and reduces postnatal...
Book Chapter
Series: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics
Volume: 122
Published: 03 September 2021
10.1159/000514744
EISBN: 978-3-318-06647-0
...Key Messages Human milk fortification is a standard of care for very preterm/very low birth weight infants. Each neonatal unit should establish a written policy for implementing human milk fortification. Human milk fortification is required to support adequate growth and body composition...
Book Chapter
Series: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics
Volume: 122
Published: 03 September 2021
10.1159/000514735
EISBN: 978-3-318-06647-0
... in feeding, care and medical rounds as part of an integral family-centered care concept can decrease the risk for readmission and shorten the length of stay at the hospital. Introduction Parents of a preterm infant are likely to be overwhelmed and overstrained after birth. They nevertheless need...