.... Breastfeeding is strongly recommended, and for preterm infants the European Society for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) suggests fortifying breastmilk after discharge up to term in appropriate growing infants and up to 3 months in growth-retarded infants. If breastfeeding is not possible...

... Abstract Providing a human milk fortifier once the preterm infant has started to suckle at the breast can be challenging for the mother and might shorten duration of the breastfeeding period. Fortification is recommended up to term for the normal-growing infant and up to 3 months in growth...

... Breastfeeding Human milk Lactation Health benefits Preterm infants HIV Mother-to-child transmission Key Messages Breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition for infants. Breastfeeding has a significant positive impact on infant health, growth, and development, and decreases...

..., fruits, proteins, grains, and breast milk and other beverages. Also included are recommendations for supporting breastfeeding, introducing complementary foods, and promoting self-regulation in response to hunger and satiety. Toddler standards are expanded to address the frequency as well as types of food...

... , 26 ]. Changes in allergy prevention guidelines and earlier introduction of potential allergens in the diet are promising strategies for food allergy prevention, with some limitations as we will discuss later on. A natural intervention does also exist, i.e., breastfeeding. We can distinguish...

... Abstract The global drive to promote breastfeeding targeted at all 134 million infants born/year on the planet is one of the most pervasive public health interventions. It is, therefore, critical that the breastfeeding field is rooted in sound evidence. Three important scientific pillars...

... Abstract Currently accepted “best practice” for managing breastfeeding effectively (WHO/UNICEF) is largely based on a historical view of how babies remove milk from the breast, which had persisted for several centuries. The collective wisdom was verified by imaging studies in the 1950s...

... Alan Lucas took an overview of the scientific evidence that supports breastfeeding. He identified that three key pillars of breastfeeding science were underpinned by flawed science and thinking. That breastfeeding has evolved over millions of years of mammalian evolution, spawned the view...

.... They also have a higher accumulation of fat during early infancy. Breastfed infants have lower levels of circulating IGF-I and insulin, which could be part of the explanation of their growth pattern. Many studies and meta-analyses have examined the association between breastfeeding and later obesity. Most...

... Abstract Breastfeeding has an important role in the prevention of different forms of childhood malnutrition, including wasting, stunting, over- and underweight and micronutrient deficiencies. This chapter reviews research that demonstrates how improved breastfeeding rates have the potential...

... Abstract Improving infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices, including breastfeeding and complementary feeding, has been identified as one of the most effective interventions to improve child survival, stunting and wasting. Evidence from randomized controlled trials suggests...

... mechanisms. Breastfeeding during the first 6 months of neonatal life confers significant health benefits on the infant [ 2 ]. Physiology of Anti-TNF Alpha Agents and Their Passage into Breast Milk and the Neonate TNF alpha and its receptors are found mainly in endometrial, decidual and placental...

... Breastfeeding Human milk Lactation Health benefits Preterm infants HIV, mother-to-child transmission Key Messages • Breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition for infants • Breastfeeding has significant positive effects on infant health, growth and development and decreases...

... Abstract Appropriate breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices are fundamentalto children’s nutrition, health, and survival during the first 2 years of life. The WorldHealth Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months of age andcontinued breastfeeding for at least 2...

... Abstract Nutrition in infancy has been suggested to have a major influence or program thelong-term tendency to obesity. Breastfeeding, in particular, appears to protect againstthe development of later obesity, a conclusion supported by data from four systematicreviews and evidence that a longer...

... Abstract Breastfeeding plays a key role in the programming process during early life but,due to confounding factors, it is difficult to draw conclusions on long-term health benefits.The magnitude of the beneficial effect of breastfeeding on blood pressure(-2mmHg) and total cholesterol (-0.2...