... antiretroviral therapy, and genetic susceptibility to kidney disease. Treatment and Prevention: Current treatment guidelines recommend the initiation of life-long antiretroviral therapy in all people living with HIV to prevent AIDS and non-AIDS complications, including kidney disease. People living with HIV...

... survival in glomerular diseases of patients coinfected with HIV and HCV is very poor, but some studies suggest that antiretroviral therapy might change this dismal prognosis. Information about the effect of specific anti-VHC therapy or immunosuppressive agents in these patients is very limited...

... was most frequently seen with the antimicrobials used for opportunistic infections (in particular co-trimoxazole). Since then, with the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy, the reactions are more commonly seen with the antiretrovirals themselves (in particular abacavir and nevirapine...

... Abstract Prior to the widespread use of antiretroviral therapy, HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) was the leading cause of end-stage renal disease among individuals of African descent. HIVAN, a rapidly progressing glomerulopathy, is characterized by collapsing focal segmental...

... Abstract With effective antiretroviral therapy, HIV has become a chronic disease, and life expectancy among HIV-infected persons is approaching that of HIV-uninfected persons. Despite this success, epidemiologic evidence suggests that the burden of multiple aging-related diseases, including...

...: a programmatic update. WHO/CDS/HIV/18.17. Geneva: WHO; 2018. 3. Flynn PM, Taha TE, Cababasay M, Fowler MG, Mofenson LM, Owor M, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 transmission through breastfeeding: efficacy and safety of maternal antiretroviral therapy versus infant nevirapine prophylaxis for duration...

... studies in themouse model have identified a potential genetic susceptibility locus, and a number of hostgenes are differentially expressed in the setting of HIVAN or HIV infection. The current managementof HIVAN couples antiretroviral therapy with adjunctive agents that target downstreameffects of HIV...

...References References 1. Mellors JW, Munoz A, Giorgi JV, et al: Plasma viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:946-954 2. Egger M, Hirschel B, Francioli P, et al: Impact of new antiretroviral combination therapies in HIV infected...

...References References 1. Mellors JW, Munoz A, Giorgi JV, et al: Plasma viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:946-954 2. Egger M, Hirschel B, Francioli P, et al: Impact of new antiretroviral combination therapies in HIV infected...

..., to ensuring that all HIV-infected children are on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and adequately nourished and growing. ART is associated with improvements in children’s weight, height, weight-for-height, and lean body mass, but residual deficits in these measurements remain despite virological suppression...

..., coagulation and cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected individuals. PLoS One 2012;7:e44454. 3. Silverberg MJ, et al: Risk of cancers during interrupted antiretroviral therapy in the SMART study. AIDS 2007;21:1957-1963. 4. Triant VA, et al: Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular...

..., and cancer. HIV infection, once considered a unique deadly infectious disease, has now become a chronic disease with efficacious highly active antiretroviral therapy. This signifies that the treatment transforms HIV infection from a chronic infection to a chronic inflammatory disease. Most people with HIV...

...-positive status. Overall, it is unclear how mental health and substance use problems affect combination antiretroviral therapy adherence, multimorbidity, polypharmacy, or treatment outcomes in this population, and further study is needed. Overview and Definitions In this chapter, we will describe...

... are tasked with managing multiple age-related illnesses, within service networks that are historically not designed to care for aging patients. While comfortable with the management of antiretroviral therapy, HIV providers may have limited training on how to recognize or manage geriatric syndromes...

... of life centers across the United States. More individuals (adults and children), families, and communities attribute the success of antiretroviral therapies and other therapeutic approaches to advancing quality of life and life itself today. The identity of HIV, like many ‘life-threatening illness...

... and noncommunicable disease comorbidities in the era of antiretroviral therapy: a vital agenda for research in low- and middle-income country settings. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014;67(suppl 1):S2-S7. 8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/age/olderamericans/index.html...

... Salvatore M Ríos-Bedoya CF: Slower fibrosis progression in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with successful HIV suppression using antiretroviral therapy. J Hepatol 2006; 44: 47-55 5. Greub G Ledergerber B Battegay M: Clinical progression, survival, and immune recovery during antiretroviral therapy...

.... 17. Rajasuriar R, Wright E, Lewin SR: Impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) timing on chronic immune activation/inflammation and end-organ damage. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2015;10:35-42. 18. Ford N, Flexner C, Vella S, Ripin D, Vitoria M: Optimization and simplification of antiretroviral therapy...