Subject Index

Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ)-3, 86

Agri-food systems 173

Albumin 74

Allergens 163–164

Amenorrhea 51

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) 51, 53

Apoptosis 47

Appropriate for gestational age (AGA) 74

Artificial intelligence (AI) 72

A-tetrasaccharide 59

Bacillota 34

Bacteroides species 9

Balanced dietary habits

• dietary solutions 104

• individual-level solutions 104–106

• poor access to 104

• population-level solutions 107–108

• selective eating 101–104

Bifidobacterium species 9, 32

Bilirubin 74

Bioactive production 187–189

Biofortification 120

Brain development 81–88

Breastfeeding 17, 57

Breastmilk 17

• composition 24

Calcium 166

Catabolism 72

Catch-up growth 74

Cell culture-based food production 181

Cellular agriculture technologies 181–184

• bioactive production 187–189

• dairy alternatives 184–189

• next-generation milk by harnessing cell-based technology 187–189

• precision fermentation for milk protein production 185–187

Central Clock 48

Childhood diet transitions 135

Children

• language 82

• liver glycogen stores in 11

• overnutrition in 10

• speech 82

Children with Down syndrome (CWDS) 96–97

Choking 93

Climate affects food systems 174–175

Clinical pregnancy 23

Cognitive development 81–88

Commercial food fortification 119–120

Complementary feeding 93–94

Control formula (CF) 83

COVID-19 pandemic 34, 154

• Mother Baby Outcomes Initiative 86

Dairy alternatives 184–189

Dietary behavior 91

Dietary diversification 120–121

Dietary recommendations 2–4

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) 3

Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) 3

Dietary solutions 104

DNA

• extraction 30

• sequencing 30

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 8

Early infant feeding 134–135

Early-life microbiome assembly 31–32

Early life nutrition 1–13

• challenges and opportunities for 12

• dietary requirements and recommendations 2–4

• liver glycogen stores, in children 11

• mothers and babies 4–10

• overnutrition, in children after toddlerhood 10

Early nutritional practices 74

Eating behavior 90–97

• child populations 95

• children with Down syndrome 96–97

• development 92–93

• dietary habits and 91

• tube feeding 95–96

Environmental influences 135–136

Estrogen 48

Evidence-based medicine (EBM)

• COVID-19 154

• criticism of 151–154

• evolution of 153

• historical criticism 153

• manifesto 153–154

• next-generation evidence-based medicine (EBM) 154–156

• proposed solutions 153

Excessive hair growth 52

Experimental formula (EF) 83

Fast-eating phenotype 93

Fats 165

Fatty acids 8

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 48, 51

Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) 85

Food fortification 8

Food systems 173–174, 176

Formula feeding 36

GDM. see Gestational diabetes mellitus

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

• definition of 7

• diagnosis 7

Gestational glycemia 17–19

Girl’s ovarian lifespan 47

Global Burden of Disease 173

Global Hidden Hunger Index (GHHI) 112–113

Global Hunger Index (GHI) 112–113

Gluconeogenesis 11

Glucose intolerance 7

Glycosyltransferases 59

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) 47

Greenhouse gas (GHG) 175

Gut microbiome 140–141

Gut microbiota assembly 28–42

• clinical and lifestyle factors 36–37

• ecological succession 33–34

• evolutionary and ecological principles 37–40

• host immune development and 34–36

• microbes, sources of 31–32

Healthy diets 8, 115–117

• climate affects food systems 174–175

• determinant of human health 171–173

• food systems 173–174

• food systems affect climate 175–176

• interdependency of 173–174

• need for change 176–177

• opportunities 176–177

Hidden hunger

• Global Hidden Hunger Index (GHHI) 112–113

• Global Hunger Index (GHI) 112–113

• healthy diets 115–117

• infant and young child feeding practices 113–115

• micronutrient deficiencies 115–117

• micronutrient malnutrition 117–121

Hirsutism 52

Host immune development 34–36

Human health, determinant of 171–173

Human milk 9. see also Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs)

• biology 57

• components 67

• composition 58

• gut microbiome 61–62

• oligosaccharides 58–67

• research 56–68

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) 9, 33, 58, 60

• brain development and 62, 66

• composition 59, 61

• growth measures and 63

• immunity-related outcomes and 64

• infant development

  • allergies 65

  • cognitive and social emotional development 66

  • growth 62–64

  • infections 64–65

• milk components and 67

• profiles 59

• synthesis 58

Human ovarian clock 50

Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO) 17

Hyperprolactinemia 51

Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism 51

Hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian (HPO) axis 47

Hypothalamus 47

Individual-level solutions 104–106

Infant development, human milk oligosaccharides 61–62

• allergies 65

• cognitive and social emotional development 66

• growth 62–64

• infections 64–65

Infant weight gain 24

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) 74

Intravenous feedings 74

Iodine 167–168

Iron 166

Irregular menstrual cycles 52

Labor duration 23–24

Lactase synthase 58

Lactation 58

• breastfeeding and 10

• delayed onset of 17

• pregnancy and 5, 8

Lactobacillaceae species 32

Life course influences 134

Liver glycogen stores, in children 11

Luteinizing hormone (LH) 48

Machine learning (ML) 72, 76

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 11, 82, 83

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) 11

Major postpartum hemorrhage 23

Malnutrition 5

• etiological drivers of 126–128

• micronutrient 5

• nutrient density 136

• strategies 130

Maternal nutritional intervention 20

Maternal obesity 7

Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) 7

Medicine, eras of 72

Menopause 49

Metabolic syndrome 74

Metagenomics 30

Microbiome development

• concept 142–143

• dietary manipulation to 146

• factors affecting 144–146

• infant development and health 146–147

• measurement 142–143

Micronutrient deficiencies 115–117

Micronutrient hunger. see Hidden hunger

Micronutrient malnutrition 117–121

• biofortification 120

• commercial food fortification 119–120

• dietary diversification 120–121

• micronutrient supplementation 119

Micronutrients

• function and timing of 6

• malnutrition 5

• supplementation 119

Milk production 57

MNT. see Medical nutrition therapy

Monosaccharides 58–59

Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) 87

Myelination 82

Myo-inositol 21

NCDs. see Noncommunicable diseases

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) 40

Neonatal intensive care unit (NICUs) 72, 73

Next-generation evidence-based medicine (EBM) 154–156

Next-generation milk by harnessing cell-based technology 187–189

NiPPeR randomized controlled trial 20–21

• population characteristics and primary outcome 21–22

• secondary outcomes 22

  • breastmilk composition 24

  • infant weight gain and obesity 24

  • labor duration and operative delivery 23–24

  • major postpartum hemorrhage and postpartum blood loss 23

  • preterm delivery and preterm prelabor rupture of membranes 23

  • time-to-conception and clinical pregnancy rate 23

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) 4, 37

• acute pathologies and 29

• influential factors 18

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) 172

n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) 8

Nutrient density 136

Nutrition

• challenges 163–168

• opportunities 161–163

Nutritional inadequacies 84

Obesity 49

• childhood diet transitions 135

• early infant feeding 134–135

• environmental influences 135–136

• infant weight gain and 24

• life course influences 134

• maternal 7

• prevalence of 10

Offspring health

• gestational glycemia impact 17–19

• noncommunicable diseases 18

• parental prepregnancy health impacts 19

Oligosaccharides, in human milk 58–67

Omega-3 fats 165

Opportunities 176–177

Oral Feeding Readiness scale 96

Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 21

Oral processing behavior 91, 93

Ovarian clock 46–53

• approach to 50–51

• Central Clock and 48

• girl’s ovarian lifespan 47

• girl’s reproductive lifespan and healthspan 48

• irreversibility of 50

• polycystic ovarian syndrome 52–53

• premature ovarian insufficiency 51–52

• puberty and early menarche, early initiation of 49

• reproductive ageing, in women 49

Ovarian folliculogenesis 47, 48

Overnutrition

• childhood diet transitions 135

• in children 10

• early infant feeding 134–135

• environmental influences 135–136

• life course influences 134

Overweight 5, 12

Parental prepregnancy health 19

Periconception mechanisms 19

Personalized nutrition 76

Plant-based diets

• allergens 163–164

• calcium 166

• children’s growth 160, 163

• definition 161

• ensuring adequate intakes of nutrients 165

• fats 165

• iodine 167–168

• iron 166

• nutrition challenges 163–168

• nutrition opportunities 161–163

• omega-3 fats 165

• protein 165–166

• vitamin B12 166

• vitamin D 166

POI. see Premature ovarian insufficiency

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) 51–53

Ponderosity 49

Population-based studies 73

Population-level solutions 107–108

Postpartum blood loss 23

Prebiotics 12

Precision fermentation for milk protein production 185–187

Pregnancy

• clinical 23

• gestational diabetes mellitus 7

• lactation and 5

• nutritional supplementation 20

• obesity 7

• teenage 5

Premature death 49

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) 49, 51–52

Preterm delivery 23

Preterm prelabor rupture of membranes 23

Primordial follicles 47

Probiotics 12, 21, 37

Protein 165–166

Proto-mammals 57

Refeeding syndrome 74

Reference Dietary Amounts (RDIs) 3

Reference Dietary Intakes (RDIs) 3

Reproductive ageing, in women 49

Selective eating 101–104

Sick preterm, nutrition for 71–78

Slowing down global warming 176

Social and political leadership 177

Splashome 32

Starvation 73

Sterile womb hypothesis 30

Subfertility 52

Swallowing 92

Synapsids 57

Synaptogenesis 82

Texture

• complementary feeding 93–94

• taste 91

• taste and 91

Tube feeding 95–96

Type 2 diabetes 5, 7

Undernutrition 4, 73

• catabolism and 72

• childhood and adult diet transitions 132

• early infant feeding 131–132

• environmental influences 132–134

• global success in 128–130

• life course influences 131

• paternal obesity and 19

Vaginal seeding 37, 39

Vitamin B12 166

Vitamin D 166

World Health Organization (WHO) 8, 57

Zinc 5, 13, 112–113, 120