Retinal Pharmacotherapeutics
The use of pharmacotherapeutics in the management of retinal diseases is rapidly evolving, and a favorable therapy for the patient. Today anti-VEGF agents are used for a range of indications from inflammation-related choroidal neovascularization to macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion or diabetic retinopathy. Beyond VEGF, there is an array of target areas under investigation – not only for vascular pathologies such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic eye disease, but also for degenerative, infectious and inflammatory retinal conditions. This publication discusses many aspects from basic research on the retina, to animal models for retinal drug delivery, retinal diseases that are amenable to pharmacotherapy and also drugs and mechanisms in retinal diseases. Anyone concerned with the management of retinal diseases - the general ophthalmologist and the retina specialist alike – will find this book indispensable reading.
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Table of Contents
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1 - 6: Evolving Knowledge in Pharmacologic Treatments of Age-Related Macular DegenerationByGisèle Soubrane Daguet;Gisèle Soubrane DaguetaDepartment of Ophthalmology, Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France;Search for other works by this author on:Sarah Risard-Gasiorowski;Sarah Risard-GasiorowskibMedPress, Tel Aviv, IsraelSearch for other works by this author on:Nathalie MassambaNathalie MassambaaDepartment of Ophthalmology, Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France;Search for other works by this author on:
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7 - 17: Retinal Anatomy and PathologyByMrinali Patel Gupta;Mrinali Patel GuptaaDepartment of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital,Search for other works by this author on:Alexandra A. Herzlich;Alexandra A. HerzlichbNew York Cornea, Columbia University, andSearch for other works by this author on:Theodor Sauer;Theodor SauercDepartment of Internal Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, andSearch for other works by this author on:Chi-Chao ChanChi-Chao ChandSection of Immunopathology, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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18 - 27: Retinal Biochemistry, Physiology and Cell BiologyByRicardo Luiz Smith;Ricardo Luiz SmithaDepartment of Morphology and Genetics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;Search for other works by this author on:Sobha Sivaprasad;Sobha SivaprasadbNIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, andSearch for other works by this author on:Victor ChongVictor ChongcOxford Eye Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKSearch for other works by this author on:
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28 - 37: Ocular Angiogenesis: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Other FactorsByRoman G. Rubio;Roman G. RubioaAvalanche Biotechnologies, Menlo Park, CA, andSearch for other works by this author on:Anthony P. AdamisAnthony P. AdamisbGenentech, Inc., SouthSan Francisco, CA, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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38 - 45: Ocular Immunity and InflammationByThomas A. Albini;Thomas A. AlbiniDepartments of Clinical Ophthalmology and Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USASearch for other works by this author on:Janet L. DavisJanet L. DavisDepartments of Clinical Ophthalmology and Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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46 - 56: Complement Activation and Inhibition in Retinal DiseasesByMark E. Kleinman;Mark E. KleinmanaDepartments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, andSearch for other works by this author on:Jayakrishna AmbatiJayakrishna AmbatiaDepartments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, andbPhysiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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57 - 62: Genetics in Retinal DiseasesByMoeen Riaz;Moeen RiazCentre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaSearch for other works by this author on:Paul N. BairdPaul N. BairdCentre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaSearch for other works by this author on:
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63 - 70: Routes for Drug Delivery to the Eye and Retina: Intravitreal InjectionsByCarsten H. Meyer;Carsten H. MeyeraDepartment of Ophthalmology, Pallas Clinics Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland;Search for other works by this author on:Tim U. Krohne;Tim U. KrohnebDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Peter Charbel Issa;Peter Charbel IssabDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Zengping Liu;Zengping LiubDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Frank G. HolzFrank G. HolzbDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:
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71 - 83: Routes for Drug Delivery to the Retina: Topical, Transscleral, Suprachoroidal and Intravitreal Gas Phase DeliveryByNorihiro Yamada;Norihiro YamadaaGunma University, Maebashi, Japan;Search for other works by this author on:Timothy W. OlsenTimothy W. OlsenbDepartment of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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84 - 92: Routes for Drug Delivery: Sustained-Release DevicesBySamuel Yun;Samuel YunaDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, andSearch for other works by this author on:John J. HuangJohn J. HuangbEye Disease Consultants, Hartford, CT, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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93 - 103: Microspheres and Nanotechnology for Drug DeliveryByGauti Jóhannesson;Gauti JóhannessonaDepartment of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, National University Hospital, andcDivision of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, SwedenSearch for other works by this author on:Einar Stefánsson;Einar StefánssonaDepartment of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, National University Hospital, andSearch for other works by this author on:Thorsteinn LoftssonThorsteinn LoftssonbFaculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland;Search for other works by this author on:
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104 - 111: Thermo-Responsive Hydrogels for Ocular Drug DeliveryByJennifer J. Kang-Mieler;Jennifer J. Kang-MieleraDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, andSearch for other works by this author on:William F. MielerWilliam F. MielerbDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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112 - 124: Nonneovascular Age-Related Macular DegenerationByStephan Michels;Stephan MichelsaDepartment of Ophthalmology, Triemli Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;Search for other works by this author on:Gerhard GarhöferGerhard GarhöferbDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, AustriaSearch for other works by this author on:
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125 - 136: Neovascular Age-Related Macular DegenerationByJack Shao;Jack ShaoCole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USASearch for other works by this author on:Maria M. Choudhary;Maria M. ChoudharyCole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USASearch for other works by this author on:Andrew P. SchachatAndrew P. SchachatCole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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137 - 146: Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular EdemaBySteven R. Cohen;Steven R. CohenDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USASearch for other works by this author on:Thomas W. GardnerThomas W. GardnerDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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147 - 153: Retinal Vein OcclusionByOsamu Sawada;Osamu SawadaShiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, JapanSearch for other works by this author on:Masahito OhjiMasahito OhjiShiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, JapanSearch for other works by this author on:
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154 - 162: Retinal Detachment and Proliferative VitreoretinopathyByOh Woong Kwon;Oh Woong KwonaThe Retina Center, Nune Eye Hospital, Seoul, andSearch for other works by this author on:Ji Hun Song;Ji Hun SongbDepartment of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea;Search for other works by this author on:Mi In RohMi In RohcDepartment of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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163 - 166: Posterior UveitisByHarvey Siy Uy;Harvey Siy UyaSentro Oftalmologico Jose Rizal, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, andbSt. Luke's Medical Center, Manila, andcPeregrine Eye and Laser Institute, Makati, PhilippinesSearch for other works by this author on:Ellen Yu-Keh;Ellen Yu-KehbSt. Luke's Medical Center, Manila, andSearch for other works by this author on:Pik Sha ChanPik Sha ChanbSt. Luke's Medical Center, Manila, andcPeregrine Eye and Laser Institute, Makati, PhilippinesSearch for other works by this author on:
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167 - 175: Choroidal Neovascularization Secondary to Myopia, Infection and InflammationByMarissa L. Weber;Marissa L. WeberaWalter Reed National Military Medical Center, Ophthalmology Service, Bethesda, MD, andSearch for other works by this author on:Jeffrey S. HeierJeffrey S. HeierbOphthalmic Consultants of Boston, Boston, MA, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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176 - 188: Ocular Infection: EndophthalmitisByStephen G. Schwartz;Stephen G. SchwartzaDepartment of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, andSearch for other works by this author on:Harry W. Flynn Jr;Harry W. Flynn JraDepartment of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, andSearch for other works by this author on:Taraprasad Das;Taraprasad DascDepartment of Ophthalmology, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, IndiaSearch for other works by this author on:William F. MielerWilliam F. MielerbDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA;Search for other works by this author on:
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189 - 195: Treatment for Macular Telangiectasia Type 2ByPeter Charbel Issa;Peter Charbel IssaDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Elke H. Kupitz;Elke H. KupitzDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Tjebo F.C. Heeren;Tjebo F.C. HeerenDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Frank G. HolzFrank G. HolzDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:
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196 - 204: Neovascular GlaucomaByShane J. Havens;Shane J. HavensTruhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USASearch for other works by this author on:Vikas GulatiVikas GulatiTruhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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205 - 211: Retinal Hereditary and Degenerative/Dystrophic Diseases (Non-Age-Related Macular Degeneration)ByMaurizio Battaglia Parodi;Maurizio Battaglia ParodiDepartment of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, ItalySearch for other works by this author on:Carlo La Spina;Carlo La SpinaDepartment of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, ItalySearch for other works by this author on:Giulia Corradetti;Giulia CorradettiDepartment of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, ItalySearch for other works by this author on:Luigi Berchicci;Luigi BerchicciDepartment of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, ItalySearch for other works by this author on:Giuseppe Petruzzi;Giuseppe PetruzziDepartment of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, ItalySearch for other works by this author on:Francesco BandelloFrancesco BandelloDepartment of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, ItalySearch for other works by this author on:
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212 - 220: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in the Treatment of Retinal DiseasesByEduardo Büchele Rodrigues;Eduardo Büchele RodriguesDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilSearch for other works by this author on:Michel Eid Farah;Michel Eid FarahDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilSearch for other works by this author on:Juliana Mantovani Bottós;Juliana Mantovani BottósDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilSearch for other works by this author on:Fabio Bom AggioFabio Bom AggioDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilSearch for other works by this author on:
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221 - 231: Corticosteroids: Triamcinolone, Dexamethasone and FluocinoloneByJavier Cáceres-del-Carpio;Javier Cáceres-del-CarpioaGavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA;Search for other works by this author on:Rodrigo Donato Costa;Rodrigo Donato CostaaGavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA;bInstituto Donato Oftalmologia, Poςos de Caldas, Brazil;Search for other works by this author on:Asghar Haider;Asghar HaideraGavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA;Search for other works by this author on:Raja Narayanan;Raja NarayanancLV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, IndiaSearch for other works by this author on:Baruch D. KuppermannBaruch D. KuppermannaGavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA;Search for other works by this author on:
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232 - 245: Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies and Fragments: BevacizumabByAinat Klein;Ainat KleinDepartment of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, IsraelSearch for other works by this author on:Anat LoewensteinAnat LoewensteinDepartment of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, IsraelSearch for other works by this author on:
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246 - 251: Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies and Fragments: RanibizumabByAdiel G. Smith;Adiel G. SmithCole Eye Institute, Cleveland, OH, USASearch for other works by this author on:Peter K. KaiserPeter K. KaiserCole Eye Institute, Cleveland, OH, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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252 - 264: Biologic Therapies: Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Anti-Interleukins, Rituximab and OthersByNirali Bhatt;Nirali BhattNational Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USASearch for other works by this author on:William Tucker;William TuckerNational Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USASearch for other works by this author on:H. Nida Sen;H. Nida SenNational Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USASearch for other works by this author on:Robert B. NussenblattRobert B. NussenblattNational Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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265 - 275: Immunomodulatory Therapy in UveitisByOren Tomkins-Netzer;Oren Tomkins-NetzerInstitute of Ophthalmology, University College London, and Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UKSearch for other works by this author on:Lazha Talat;Lazha TalatInstitute of Ophthalmology, University College London, and Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UKSearch for other works by this author on:Filis Ismetova;Filis IsmetovaInstitute of Ophthalmology, University College London, and Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UKSearch for other works by this author on:Ahmed Samy;Ahmed SamyInstitute of Ophthalmology, University College London, and Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UKSearch for other works by this author on:Susan LightmanSusan LightmanInstitute of Ophthalmology, University College London, and Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UKSearch for other works by this author on:
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276 - 281: Sirolimus for Retinal and Uveitic DiseasesByAniruddha Agarwal;Aniruddha AgarwalOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USASearch for other works by this author on:Nithya Rajagopalan;Nithya RajagopalanOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USASearch for other works by this author on:Muhammad Hassan;Muhammad HassanOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USASearch for other works by this author on:Mohammad Ali Sadiq;Mohammad Ali SadiqOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USASearch for other works by this author on:Mohamed K. Soliman;Mohamed K. SolimanOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USASearch for other works by this author on:Rubbia Afridi;Rubbia AfridiOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USASearch for other works by this author on:Yasir Jamal Sepah;Yasir Jamal SepahOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USASearch for other works by this author on:Quan Dong NguyenQuan Dong NguyenOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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282 - 294: Fusion Proteins: Aflibercept (VEGF Trap-Eye)BySalman Sarwar;Salman SarwaraOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA;Search for other works by this author on:Berker Bakbak;Berker BakbakbSelcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Konya, Turkey;Search for other works by this author on:Mohammad Ali Sadiq;Mohammad Ali SadiqaOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA;Search for other works by this author on:Yasir J. Sepah;Yasir J. SepahaOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA;Search for other works by this author on:Syed Mahmood Shah;Syed Mahmood ShahcWilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USASearch for other works by this author on:Mohamed Ibrahim;Mohamed IbrahimcWilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USASearch for other works by this author on:Diana V. Do;Diana V. DoaOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA;Search for other works by this author on:Quan Dong NguyenQuan Dong NguyenaOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA;Search for other works by this author on:
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295 - 301: The Protein Kinase C Inhibitor: RuboxistaurinByHeidrun L. Deissler;Heidrun L. DeisslerDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Ulm, Ulm, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Gabriele E. LangGabriele E. LangDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Ulm, Ulm, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:
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302 - 309: Emixustat and Lampalizumab: Potential Therapeutic Options for Geographic AtrophyByLoren S. Jack;Loren S. JackOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USASearch for other works by this author on:Mohammad Ali Sadiq;Mohammad Ali SadiqOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USASearch for other works by this author on:Diana V. Do;Diana V. DoOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USASearch for other works by this author on:Quan Dong NguyenQuan Dong NguyenOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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310 - 316: Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Inhibitors: A Potential Therapeutic Approach for Ocular NeovascularizationByMohammad Ali Sadiq;Mohammad Ali SadiqOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USASearch for other works by this author on:Mostafa Hanout;Mostafa HanoutOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USASearch for other works by this author on:Salman Sarwar;Salman SarwarOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USASearch for other works by this author on:Muhammad Hassan;Muhammad HassanOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USASearch for other works by this author on:Aniruddha Agarwal;Aniruddha AgarwalOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USASearch for other works by this author on:Yasir Jamal Sepah;Yasir Jamal SepahOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USASearch for other works by this author on:Diana V. Do;Diana V. DoOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USASearch for other works by this author on:Quan Dong NguyenQuan Dong NguyenOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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317 - 321: Ocular Gene TherapyByJ. Peter Campbell;J. Peter CampbellaRetina Divison, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, andSearch for other works by this author on:Trevor J. McFarland;Trevor J. McFarlandaRetina Divison, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, andSearch for other works by this author on:J. Timothy StoutJ. Timothy StoutaRetina Divison, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, andbCullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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322 - 329: Neuroprotection and Retinal DiseasesByYannis M. Paulus;Yannis M. PaulusaKellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, andSearch for other works by this author on:J. Peter CampbellJ. Peter CampbellbCasey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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330 - 336: Photosensitizers and Photodynamic Therapy: VerteporfinByMaurizio Battaglia Parodi;Maurizio Battaglia ParodiDepartment of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, ItalySearch for other works by this author on:Carlo La Spina;Carlo La SpinaDepartment of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, ItalySearch for other works by this author on:Luigi Berchicci;Luigi BerchicciDepartment of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, ItalySearch for other works by this author on:Giuseppe Petruzzi;Giuseppe PetruzziDepartment of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, ItalySearch for other works by this author on:Francesco BandelloFrancesco BandelloDepartment of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, ItalySearch for other works by this author on:
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337 - 343: Chemotherapy for Malignant Intraocular TumorsByChirag P. Shah;Chirag P. ShahaOphthalmic Consultants of Boston, Boston, MA, andSearch for other works by this author on:Carol L. Shields;Carol L. ShieldsbOcular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USASearch for other works by this author on:Jerry A. ShieldsJerry A. ShieldsbOcular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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344 - 356: AntibioticsBySeenu M. Hariprasad;Seenu M. HariprasadaDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Chicago, andSearch for other works by this author on:William F. MielerWilliam F. MielerbIllinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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357 - 364: Enzymatic Vitrectomy and Pharmacologic VitreodynamicsByAnkoor R. Shah;Ankoor R. ShahaRetina Consultants of Houston, Houston, TX, andSearch for other works by this author on:Michael T. TreseMichael T. TresebAssociated Retinal Consultants, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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365 - 375: The Use of Vital Dyes during Vitreoretinal Surgery - ChromovitrectomyByMichel Eid Farah;Michel Eid FarahDepartment of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilSearch for other works by this author on:Maurício Maia;Maurício MaiaDepartment of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilSearch for other works by this author on:Fernando M. Penha;Fernando M. PenhaDepartment of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilSearch for other works by this author on:Eduardo Büchele RodriguesEduardo Büchele RodriguesDepartment of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilSearch for other works by this author on:
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376 - 380: Regulatory and Economic Considerations of Retinal DrugsByAnkoor R. Shah;Ankoor R. ShahaRetina Consultants of Houston, Houston, TX, andSearch for other works by this author on:George A. WilliamsGeorge A. WilliamsbDepartment of Ophthalmology, Beaumont Eye Institute, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, MI, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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381 - 390: Value-Based Medicine and PharmacoeconomicsByGary C. Brown;Gary C. BrownaCenter for Value-Based Medicine®, Flourtown, PA, andbRetina Service andSearch for other works by this author on:Melissa M. BrownMelissa M. BrownaCenter for Value-Based Medicine®, Flourtown, PA, andcResearch Department, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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391 - 398: Future Perspectives: Agents on the HorizonByJose R. Maya;Jose R. MayaaOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE,Search for other works by this author on:Mohammad Ali Sadiq;Mohammad Ali SadiqaOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE,Search for other works by this author on:Aniruddha Agarwal;Aniruddha AgarwalaOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE,Search for other works by this author on:Peter K. Kaiser;Peter K. KaiserbCole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, andSearch for other works by this author on:Glenn L. Stoller;Glenn L. StollercOphthalmic Consultants of Long Island, Long Island, NY, USASearch for other works by this author on:Yasir Jamal Sepah;Yasir Jamal SepahaOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE,Search for other works by this author on:Quan Dong NguyenQuan Dong NguyenaOcular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE,Search for other works by this author on: