Nutritional Care of Preterm Infants: Scientific Basis and Practical Guidelines
Improved conditions of care for premature infants have led to markedly increased survival rates over the last few decades, particularly in very low and extremely low birth weight infants. Nutritional measures play a central role in the long-term outcome, health, and quality of life of these premature infants.
In this updated and extended edition, leading experts from all over the world present the most recent evidence and critical analyses of nutrient requirements and the practice of nutritional care (with the focus on very low birth weight infants) to provide guidance for clinical application. The chapters of this publication show how growth and development can be nutritionally supported, which nutrients and non-nutrients can be supplied, and how nutritional care can get implemented. Approaches to nutritional care in various disease conditions are also addressed.
The compilation of current information and recommendations should support the daily work of health care professionals such as neonatologists, paediatricians, other physicians involved in the care of preterm infants, nurses, nutritionists/dieticians, and others. The current book is also of interest for researchers who wish to keep up to date in this moving field.
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Table of Contents
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1 - 4: A Historical PerspectiveByReginald C. TsangReginald C. TsangCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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5 - 11: Defining Nutritional Needs of Preterm InfantsByBerthold Koletzko;Berthold KoletzkoaDepartment of Paediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU University Hospitals, LMU – Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Sarah Wieczorek;Sarah WieczorekaDepartment of Paediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU University Hospitals, LMU – Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Magnus Domellöf;Magnus DomellöfbDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics Institute, Umeå University, Umeå, SwedenSearch for other works by this author on:Brenda B. PoindexterBrenda B. PoindextercChildren’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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12 - 31: Nutrition, Growth and Long-Term OutcomesByTanis R. Fenton;Tanis R. FentonaCommunity Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, CanadabNutrition Services, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, CanadaSearch for other works by this author on:Seham Elmrayed;Seham ElmrayedaCommunity Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, CanadaSearch for other works by this author on:Belal AlshaikhBelal AlshaikhaCommunity Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, CanadacDepartment of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, CanadaSearch for other works by this author on:
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32 - 45: Monitoring of Growth and Body Composition: New MethodologiesBySarah N. Taylor;Sarah N. TaylorDepartment of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USASearch for other works by this author on:Catherine O. BuckCatherine O. BuckDepartment of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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46 - 59: Preterm Nutrition and the BrainBySara E. Ramel;Sara E. RamelaDivision of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USASearch for other works by this author on:Mandy B. BelfortMandy B. BelfortbDepartment of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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60 - 74: Energy Requirements and Carbohydrates in Preterm InfantsByKatie A. Huff;Katie A. HuffaDepartment of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USASearch for other works by this author on:Scott C. Denne;Scott C. DenneaDepartment of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USASearch for other works by this author on:William W. Hay Jr.William W. Hay Jr.bUniversity of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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75 - 88: Proteins and Amino AcidsByChris H.P. van den Akker;Chris H.P. van den AkkeraEmma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsSearch for other works by this author on:Miguel Saenz de Pipaon;Miguel Saenz de PipaonbDepartment of Neonatology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Red de Salud Materno Infantil y Desarrollo – SAMID, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, SpainSearch for other works by this author on:Johannes B. van GoudoeverJohannes B. van GoudoeveraEmma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsSearch for other works by this author on:
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89 - 102: Lipid Requirements of Preterm InfantsByBerthold Koletzko;Berthold KoletzkoaDepartment of Paediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU University Hospital, LMU – Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Alexandre LapillonneAlexandre LapillonnebAPHP Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris University, Paris, FrancecCNRC, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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103 - 121: Water, Sodium, Potassium, and ChlorideByChristoph FuschChristoph FuschaChildren’s Hospital, Nuremberg General Hospital, Paracelsus Medical School, Nuremberg, GermanybDivision of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadaSearch for other works by this author on:
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122 - 139: Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, and Vitamin DBySarah N. TaylorSarah N. TaylorDepartment of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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140 - 148: Microminerals: Iron, Zinc, Copper, Selenium, Manganese, Iodine, Chromium and MolybdenumByMagnus DomellöfMagnus DomellöfDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, SwedenSearch for other works by this author on:
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149 - 166: Vitamin Requirements for Preterm InfantsByKonstantinos Gerasimidis;Konstantinos GerasimidisaHuman Nutrition, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United KingdomSearch for other works by this author on:Nadja HaidenNadja HaidenbDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology and Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, AustriaSearch for other works by this author on:
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167 - 179: Bioactive Components of Breast Milk as Enteral Supplements for Preterm InfantsByMagnus Domellöf;Magnus DomellöfaDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, SwedenSearch for other works by this author on:Nicholas EmbletonNicholas EmbletonbNewcastle Hospital NHS Trust, Newcastle Neonatal Service, Newcastle upon Tyne, United KingdomcNewcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United KingdomSearch for other works by this author on:
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180 - 190: The Microbiome as a Therapeutic Target in Preterm NutritionByJosef Neu;Josef NeuDepartment of Pediatrics/Neonatology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USASearch for other works by this author on:Laura PattonLaura PattonDepartment of Pediatrics/Neonatology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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191 - 197: Recommended Nutrient Intake Levels for Preterm InfantsByBerthold Koletzko;Berthold KoletzkoaDepartment of Paediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU University Hospitals, LMU – Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Sarah Wieczorek;Sarah WieczorekaDepartment of Paediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU University Hospitals, LMU – Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Fook-Choe Cheah;Fook-Choe CheahbDepartment of Paediatrics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaSearch for other works by this author on:Magnus Domellöf;Magnus DomellöfcDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics Institute, Umeå University, Umeå, SwedenSearch for other works by this author on:Johannes B. van Goudoever;Johannes B. van GoudoeverdEmma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsSearch for other works by this author on:Brenda B. Poindexter;Brenda B. PoindextereChildren’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USASearch for other works by this author on:Nestor VainNestor VainfDepartment of Paediatrics and Newborn Medicine, Hospitals Sanatorio Trinidad Palermo, San Isidro and Ramos Mejia, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaSearch for other works by this author on:
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198 - 211: Practice of Parenteral Nutrition in Preterm InfantsByVirgilio Paolo Carnielli;Virgilio Paolo CarnielliaDepartment of Odontostomatologic and Specialized Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona (Marche), ItalybDepartment of Mother and Child Health, Division of Neonatology, G. Salesi Children’s Hospital – Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, ItalySearch for other works by this author on:Alessio Correani;Alessio CorreanibDepartment of Mother and Child Health, Division of Neonatology, G. Salesi Children’s Hospital – Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, ItalySearch for other works by this author on:Ilaria Giretti;Ilaria GirettiaDepartment of Odontostomatologic and Specialized Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona (Marche), ItalySearch for other works by this author on:Rita D'Ascenzo;Rita D'AscenzobDepartment of Mother and Child Health, Division of Neonatology, G. Salesi Children’s Hospital – Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, ItalySearch for other works by this author on:Maria Paola Bellagamba;Maria Paola BellagambabDepartment of Mother and Child Health, Division of Neonatology, G. Salesi Children’s Hospital – Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, ItalySearch for other works by this author on:Ilaria Burattini;Ilaria BurattinibDepartment of Mother and Child Health, Division of Neonatology, G. Salesi Children’s Hospital – Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, ItalySearch for other works by this author on:Chiara BiagettiChiara BiagettibDepartment of Mother and Child Health, Division of Neonatology, G. Salesi Children’s Hospital – Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, ItalySearch for other works by this author on:
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212 - 224: Mother’s Own Milk and Donor MilkByRegina Valverde;Regina ValverdeaNeonatology Fellowship Program, Hospital Materno Infantil de San Isidro, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaSearch for other works by this author on:Nestor Alejandro Dinerstein;Nestor Alejandro DinersteinbNeonatal Unit, Maternal and Infant Hospital R. Sardá, Representative in Agentina of the Iberoamerican Chapter of the DOHad Society, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaSearch for other works by this author on:Nestor VainNestor VaincDepartment of Pediatrics and Newborn Medicine, Hospital Sanatorio Trinidad, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaSearch for other works by this author on:
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225 - 247: Human Milk Fortification for Preterm Infants: A ReviewByJean-Charles Picaud;Jean-Charles PicaudaNeonatal Intensive Care Unit, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, FrancebCarMeNUnit, INSERM U1060, INRAU1397, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, FrancecAuvergne-Rhône-Alpes Regional Human Milk Bank, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:Marine Vincent;Marine VincentaNeonatal Intensive Care Unit, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, FrancebCarMeNUnit, INSERM U1060, INRAU1397, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:Rachel BuffinRachel BuffinaNeonatal Intensive Care Unit, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, FrancecAuvergne-Rhône-Alpes Regional Human Milk Bank, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:
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248 - 264: Quality Standards for Human Milk BanksBySertac Arslanoglu;Sertac ArslanogluaDivision of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, İstanbul Medeniyet University School of Medicine, İstanbul, TurkeybEuropean Milk Bank Association (EMBA), Milan, ItalycItalian Association of Human Milk Banks (AIBLUD), Milan, ItalySearch for other works by this author on:Guido E. MoroGuido E. MorobEuropean Milk Bank Association (EMBA), Milan, ItalycItalian Association of Human Milk Banks (AIBLUD), Milan, ItalySearch for other works by this author on:
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265 - 280: The Practice of Enteral Nutrition in Very Low and Extremely Low Birth Weight InfantsByValentina Bozzetti;Valentina BozzettiaNeonatal Intensive Care Unit, MBBM Foundation, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, ItalySearch for other works by this author on:Camilia R. MartinCamilia R. MartinbDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USAcDivision of Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USAdDepartment of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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281 - 288: Involving Parents in Feeding Their Preterm InfantsBySilvia Kolossa;Silvia KolossaaEuropean Foundation for the Care of Newborn Infants (EFCNI), Munich, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Silke Mader;Silke MaderaEuropean Foundation for the Care of Newborn Infants (EFCNI), Munich, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Johanna Pfeil;Johanna PfeilaEuropean Foundation for the Care of Newborn Infants (EFCNI), Munich, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Luc J.I. ZimmermannLuc J.I. ZimmermannaEuropean Foundation for the Care of Newborn Infants (EFCNI), Munich, GermanybDepartment of Paediatrics, Research School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht, The NetherlandsSearch for other works by this author on:
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289 - 300: Standardized Feeding Protocols: Evidence and ImplementationByHeather C. Kaplan;Heather C. KaplanaDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USAbPerinatal Institute and James M. Anderson Center for Health Systems Excellence, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USASearch for other works by this author on:Brenda B. PoindexterBrenda B. PoindextercDivision of Neonatology, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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301 - 311: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Implementation and Audit of Nutrition in Preterm InfantsByNicholas Embleton;Nicholas EmbletonaFaculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United KingdombNewcastle Neonatal Service, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United KingdomSearch for other works by this author on:Claire GrangerClaire GrangeraFaculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United KingdombNewcastle Neonatal Service, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United KingdomSearch for other works by this author on:
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312 - 324: Approaches to Growth FalteringByBrenda B. Poindexter;Brenda B. PoindexteraDivision of Neonatology, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USASearch for other works by this author on:Barbara E. Cormack;Barbara E. CormackbLiggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New ZealandcNewborn Services, Starship Child Health, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New ZealandSearch for other works by this author on:Frank H. BloomfieldFrank H. BloomfieldbLiggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New ZealandcNewborn Services, Starship Child Health, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New ZealandSearch for other works by this author on:
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325 - 339: Feeding after DischargeByBerthold Koletzko;Berthold KoletzkoaDepartment of Paediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU University Hospitals, LMU – Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Zhenghong LiZhenghong LibDepartment of Paediatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, PUMC – Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, ChinaSearch for other works by this author on:
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340 - 356: Practical Implementation of Quality Nutritional Care to Preterm Infants in Developing CountriesByFook-Choe Cheah;Fook-Choe CheahDepartment of Paediatrics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaSearch for other works by this author on:Tian-Lee TanTian-Lee TanDepartment of Paediatrics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaSearch for other works by this author on:
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357 - 366: Future Research in Preterm NutritionByNeena ModiNeena ModiSection of Neonatal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United KingdomSearch for other works by this author on:
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367 - 378: Necrotizing EnterocolitisByDiomel de la Cruz;Diomel de la CruzDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USASearch for other works by this author on:Allison Lure;Allison LureDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USASearch for other works by this author on:Josef NeuJosef NeuDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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379 - 399: Prevention and Management of Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Cholestasis and Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease in the Critically Ill InfantByLauren C. Frazer;Lauren C. FrazeraDivision of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USAbDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USASearch for other works by this author on:Kathleen M. Gura;Kathleen M. GurabDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USAcDepartment of Pharmacy, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USASearch for other works by this author on:Julie E. Bines;Julie E. BinesdDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Enteric Diseases Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaSearch for other works by this author on:Mark Puder;Mark PudereDepartment of Surgery and the Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USASearch for other works by this author on:Camilia R. MartinCamilia R. MartinbDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USAfDivision of Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USAgDepartment of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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400 - 416: Preterm Nutrition and Pulmonary DiseaseByFernando Moya;Fernando MoyaaNeonatology, Betty Cameron Children’s Hospital, Wilmington, North Carolina, USASearch for other works by this author on:Ariel A. SalasAriel A. SalasbDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USASearch for other works by this author on:
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417 - 429: Nutrition of the Neonate with Congenital Heart Disease: Existing Evidence and Practical ImplicationsByAlexandre Lapillonne;Alexandre LapillonneaDepartment of Neonatal Intensive Care, APHP Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, FrancebEHU 7328, Paris University, Paris, FrancecChildren’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USASearch for other works by this author on:Claudio Barbanti;Claudio BarbantidPediatric Cardiac Anaesthesia and Perfusion Unit, APHP Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:Isabel Lopera;Isabel LoperaaDepartment of Neonatal Intensive Care, APHP Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:Sissel Jennifer MoltuSissel Jennifer MoltueDepartment of Neonatal Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwaySearch for other works by this author on: