Cochlear implant speech processors typically extract envelope information of speech signals for presentation to the auditory nerve as modulated trains of electric pulses. Recent studies showed the feasibility of recording, at the scalp, the electrically evoked auditory steady-state response using amplitude-modulated electric stimuli. Sinusoidally amplitude-modulated electric stimuli were used to elicit such responses from guinea pigs in order to characterize this response. Response latencies were derived to provide insight regarding neural generator sites. Two distinct sites, one cortical and another more peripheral, were indicated by latency estimates of 22 and 2 ms, respectively, with the former evoked by lower (13–49 Hz) and the latter by higher (55–320 Hz) modulation frequencies. Furthermore, response amplitudes declined with increasing carrier frequency, exhibited a compressive growth with increasing modulation depths, and were sensitive to modulation depths to as low as 5%.

Keywords:
Cochlear implant, Auditory steady-state response, Electric stimulation, Guinea pig
1.
Boettcher FA, Poth EA, Mills JH, Dubno JR: The amplitude-modulation following response in young and aged human subjects. Hear Res 2001;153:32–42.
2.
Brown CJ, Hughes ML, Luk B, Abbas PJ, Wolaver A, Gervais J: The relationship between EAP and EABR thresholds and levels used to program the nucleus 24 speech processor: data from adults. Ear Hear 2000;21:151–163.
3.
Cohen LT, Rickards FW, Clark GM: A comparison of steady-state evoked potentials to modulated tones in awake and sleeping humans. J Acoust Soc Am 1991;90:2467–2479.
4.
Dolphin WF, Mountain DC: The envelope following response: scalp potentials elicited in the Mongolian gerbil using sinusoidally AM acoustic signals. Hear Res 1992;58:70–78.
5.
Drullman R: Temporal envelope and fine structure cues for speech intelligibility. J Acoust Soc Am 1995;97:585–592.
6.
Eddington DK, Dobelle WH, Brackmann DE, Mladejovsky MG, Parkin JL: Auditory prostheses research with multiple channel intracochlear stimulation in man. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1978;87:5–39.
7.
Haenggeli A, Zhang JS, Vischer MW, Pelizzone M, Rouiller EM: Electrically evoked compound action potential (ECAP) of the cochlear nerve in response to pulsatile electrical stimulation of the cochlea in the rat: effects of stimulation at high rates. Audiology 1998;37:353–371.
8.
Jeng FC, Abbas PJ, Brown CJ, Miller CA, Nourski KV, Robinson BK: Electrically evoked auditory steady-state responses in guinea pigs. Audiol Neurotol 2007;12:101–112.
9.
John MS, Dimitrijevic A, van Roon P, Picton TW: Multiple auditory steady-state responses to AM and FM stimuli. Audiol Neurotol 2001;6:12–27.
10.
John MS, Picton TW: Human auditory steady-state responses to amplitude-modulated tones: phase and latency measurements. Hear Res 2000;141:57–79.
11.
Kuwada S, Anderson JS, Batra R, Fitzpatrick DC, Teissier N, D’Angelo WR: Sources of the scalp-recorded amplitude-modulation following response. J Am Acad Audiol 2002;13:188–204.
12.
Kuwada S, Batra R, Maher VL: Scalp potentials of normal and hearing-impaired subjects in response to sinusoidally amplitude-modulated tones. Hear Res 1986;21:179–192.
13.
Langner G, Schreiner CE: Periodicity coding in the inferior colliculus of the cat. 1. Neuronal mechanisms. J Neurophysiol 1988;60:1799–1822.
14.
Lins OG, Picton PE, Picton TW: Auditory steady-state responses to tones amplitude-modulated at 80–110 Hz. J Acoust Soc Am 1995;97:3051–3063.
15.
Matsuoka AJ, Abbas PJ, Rubinstein JT, Miller CA: The neuronal response to electrical constant-amplitude pulse train stimulation: evoked compound action potential recordings. Hear Res 2000;49:115–128.
16.
Menard M, Gallego S, Truy E, Berger-Vachon C, Durrant JD, Collet L: Auditory steady-state response evaluation of auditory thresholds in cochlear implant patients. Int J Audiol 2004;43:S39–S43.
17.
Mitchell A, Miller JM, Finger PA, Heller JW, Raphael Y, Altschuler RA: Effects of chronic high-rate electrical stimulation on the cochlea and eighth nerve in the deafened guinea pig. Hear Res 1997;105:30–43.
18.
Moller AR: Coding of amplitude and frequency modulated sounds in the cochlear nucleus of the rat. Acta Physiol Scand 1972;86:223–238.
19.
Palmer AR: Encoding of rapid amplitude fluctuations by Cochlear-nerve fibers in the guinea-pig. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1982;236:197–202.
20.
Picton TW, John MS, Dimitrijevic A, Purcell DW: Human auditory steady-state responses. Int J Audiol 2003;42:177–219.
21.
Picton TW, Skinner CR, Champagne SC, Kellett AJC: Potentials evoked by the sinusoidal modulation of the amplitude or frequency of a tone. J Acoust Soc Am 1987;82:165–178.
22.
Purcell DW, John MS, Picton TW: Concurrent measurement of distortion product otoacoustic emissions and auditory steady-state evoked potentials. Hear Res 2003;176:128–141.
23.
Purcell DW, John MS, Schneider BA, Picton TW: Human temporal auditory acuity as assessed by envelope following response. J Acoust Soc Am 2004;116:3581–3593.
24.
Rees A, Moller AR: Responses of neurons in the inferior colliculus of the rat to AM and FM tones. Hear Res 1983;10:301–330.
25.
Schreiner CE, Urbas JV: Representation of amplitude modulation in the auditory cortex of the cat. 1. The anterior auditory field (AAF). Hear Res 1986;21:227–241.
26.
Schreiner CE, Urbas JV: Representation of amplitude modulation in the auditory cortex of the cat. 2. Comparison between cortical fields. Hear Res 1988;32:49–63.
27.
Shannon RV: Multichannel electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve in man. 1. Basic psychophysics. Hear Res 1983;11:157–189.
28.
Shannon RV: Threshold and loudness functions for pulsatile stimulation of cochlear implants. Hear Res 1985;18:135–143.
29.
Shannon RV: Temporal modulation transfer functions in patients with cochlear implants. J Acoust Soc Am 1992;91:2156–2164.
30.
Stapells DR, Linden D, Suffield JB, Hamel G, Picton TW: Human auditory steady state potentials. Ear Hear 1984;5:105–113.
31.
Stapells DR, Makeig S, Galambos R: Auditory steady-state responses: threshold prediction using phase coherence. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1987;67:260–270.
32.
Tavartkiladze GA, Potalova LA, Kruglov AV, Belov A: Effect of stimulation parameters on electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses. Acta Otolaryngol 2000;120:214–217.
33.
Viemeister NF: Temporal modulation transfer functions based upon modulation thresholds. J Acoust Soc Am 1979;66:1364–1380.
34.
Wilson BS, Finley CC, Lawson DT, Zerbi M: Temporal representations with cochlear implants. Am J Otol 1997;18(6 suppl):S30–S34.
35.
Xu L, Zwolan TA, Thompson CS, Pfingst BE: Efficacy of a cochlear implant simultaneous analog stimulation strategy coupled with a monopolar electrode configuration. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2005;114:886–893.
© 2007 S. Karger AG, Basel
2007
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.