The rate of Caesarean-section delivery in the United States has increased by 60% from 1996 through to 2013 and now accounts for > 30% of births [CDC, 2017]. The purpose of this review is to present the current understanding of both the microbial risk factors that increase the likelihood of a Caesarean-section delivery and the microbial dysbiosis that is thought to result from the Caesarean section. We provide examples of research into the impact of early-life microbial dysbiosis on infant development and long-term health outcomes, as well as consider the efficacy and the long-term implications of microbiome-based therapies to mitigate this dysbiosis. The steep rise in the Caesarean-section delivery rate makes it imperative to understand the potential of microbiota modulation for the treatment of dysbiosis.

Keywords:
Caesarean section, Microbial dysbiosis, Infant health, Vaginal seeding
This content is only available via PDF.
© 2018 S. Karger AG, Basel
2018
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.