Abstract
Introduction: Young and early middle-aged office workers spend most of the day sitting or sleeping. Few studies have used a metabolic chamber to report sitting resting energy expenditure (REE) or sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) estimation equations. This study aimed to develop novel equations for estimating sitting REE and SMR, and previously published equations for SMR were compared against measured values. Methods: The relationships among sitting REE, SMR, and body composition measured in clinical trials were analyzed. The body composition (fat-free mass [FFM] and fat mass) and energy metabolism of 85 healthy young and early middle-aged Japanese individuals were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and a metabolic chamber, respectively. Novel estimate equations were developed using stepwise multiple regression analysis. Estimates of SMR using a new equation and 2 published equations were compared against measured SMR. Results: The sitting mREE and mSMR were highly correlated (r = 0.756, p < 0.01). The new FFM-based estimate accounted for 50.4% of the variance in measured sitting REE (mREE) and 82.3% of the variance in measured SMR (mSMR). The new body weight-based estimate accounted for 49.3% of the variance in sitting mREE and 82.2% of the variance in mSMR. Compared with mSMR, the SMR estimate using an FFM-based published equation was slightly underestimated. Conclusion: These novel body weight- and FFM-based equations may help estimate sitting REE and SMR in young and early middle-aged adults. Previous SMR estimated FFM-based equations were slightly underestimated against measured SMR; however, we confirmed the previous SMR estimate equations could be useful. This finding suggests that sitting REE and SMR can be easily estimated from individual characteristics and applied in clinical settings.
References
1.
Hadgraft
NT
, Brakenridge
CL
, Lamontagne
AD
, Fjeldsoe
BS
, Lynch
BM
, Dunstan
DW
, Feasibility and acceptability of reducing workplace sitting time: a qualitative study with Australian office workers
. BMC Public Health
. 2016
;16
(1
):933
–14
. .2.
Chau
JY
, Grunseit
AC
, Chey
T
, Stamatakis
E
, Brown
WJ
, Matthews
CE
, Daily sitting time and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis
. PLoS One
. 2013
;8
(11
):e80000
–14
. .3.
Liao
Y
, Harada
K
, Shibata
A
, Ishii
K
, Oka
K
, Nakamura
Y
, Joint associations of physical activity and screen time with overweight among japanese adults
. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act
. 2011
;8
:131
–5
. .4.
Dunstan
DW
, Howard
B
, Healy
GN
, Owen
N
. Too much sitting–a health hazard
. Diabetes Res Clin Pract
. 2012
;97
(3
):368
–76
. .5.
Bauman
A
, Ainsworth
BE
, Sallis
JF
, Hagströmer
M
, Craig
CL
, Bull
FC
, The descriptive epidemiology of sitting: a 20-country comparison using the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ)
. Am J Prev Med
. 2011
;41
(2
):228
–35
.6.
Kurita
S
, Shibata
A
, Ishii
K
, Koohsari
MJ
, Owen
N
, Oka
K
. Patterns of objectively assessed sedentary time and physical activity among Japanese workers: a cross-sectional observational study
. BMJ Open
. 2019
;9
(2
):e021690
–9
. .7.
Kai
Y
, Tsunoda
K
, Nagamatsu
T
, Kuchiki
T
, Uchida
K
. Association between sedentary behavior and mental health among Japanese workers
. Bull Phys Fit Res Inst
. 2016
;114
:1
–10
.8.
Hafner
M
, Stepanek
M
, Taylor
J
, Troxel
WM
, van Stolk
C
. Why sleep matters-the economic costs of insufficient sleep: a cross-country comparative analysis
. Rand Health Q
. 2017 Jan
;6
(4
):11
.9.
Energy and protein requirements. Report of a joint FAO/WHO/UNU expert consultation
. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser
. 1985
;724
:1
–206
.10.
Hills
AP
, Mokhtar
N
, Byrne
NM
. Assessment of physical activity and energy expenditure: an overview of objective measures
. Front Nutr
. 2014
;1
(June
):5
. .11.
Murakami
H
, Kawakami
R
, Nakae
S
, Nakata
Y
, Ishikawa-Takata
K
, Tanaka
S
, Accuracy of wearable devices for estimating total energy expenditure: comparison with metabolic chamber and doubly labeled water method
. JAMA Intern Med
. 2016
;176
(5
):702
–3
. .12.
Müller
MJ
, Geisler
C
, Hübers
M
, Pourhassan
M
, Braun
W
, Bosy-Westphal
A
. Normalizing resting energy expenditure across the life course in humans: challenges and hopes
. Eur J Clin Nutr
. 2018
;72
(5
):628
–37
. .13.
Levine
JA
, Schleusner
SJ
, Jensen
MD
. Energy expenditure of nonexercise activity
. Am J Clin Nutr
. 2000
;72
(6
):1451
–4
. .14.
Popp
CJ
, Bridges
WC
, Jesch
ED
. The short-term effects of lying, sitting and standing on energy expenditure in women
. Int J Exerc Sci
. 2018
;11
(2
):129
–36
.15.
Miles-Chan
JL
, Sarafian
D
, Montani
JP
, Schutz
Y
, Dulloo
AG
. Sitting comfortably versus lying down: is there really a difference in energy expenditure?
Clin Nutr
. 2014
;33
(1
):175
–8
. .16.
Amaro-Gahete
FJ
, Sanchez-Delgado
G
, Alcantara
JMA
, Martinez-Tellez
B
, Acosta
FM
, Merchan-Ramirez
E
, Energy expenditure differences across lying, sitting, and standing positions in young healthy adults
. PLoS One
. 2019
;14
(6
):e0217029
–13
. .17.
Dekker
B
, Verschuren
O
, Balemans
ACJ
, Baart
N
, Tubbing
F
, van Koppenhagen
CF
, Energy expenditure and muscle activity during lying, sitting, standing, and walking in people with motor-incomplete spinal cord injury
. Spinal Cord
. 2018
;56
(10
):1008
–16
. .18.
Lerma
NL
, Keenan
KG
, Strath
SJ
, Forseth
BM
, Cho
CC
, Swartz
AM
. Muscle activation and energy expenditure of sedentary behavior alternatives in young and old adults
. Physiol Meas
. 2016
;37
(10
):1686
–700
. .19.
Ainsworth
BE
, Haskell
WL
, Herrmann
SD
, Meckes
N
, Bassett
DR
, Tudor-Locke
C
, Compendium of physical activities: a second update of codes and MET values
. Med Sci Sports Exerc
. 2011
;43
(8
):1575
–81
.20.
Müller
MJ
, Bosy-Westphal
A
, Klaus
S
, Kreymann
G
, Lührmann
PM
, Neuhäuser-Berthold
M
, World health organization equations have shortcomings for predicting resting energy expenditure in persons from a modern, affluent population: generation of a new reference standard from a retrospective analysis of a German database of resting energy expe
. Am J Clin Nutr
. 2004
;80
(5
):1379
–90
.21.
Korth
O
, Bosy-Westphal
A
, Zschoche
P
, Glüer
CC
, Heller
M
, Müller
MJ
. Influence of methods used in body composition analysis on the prediction of resting energy expenditure
. Eur J Clin Nutr
. 2007
;61
(5
):582
–9
. .22.
Ikeda
K
, Fujimoto
S
, Goto
M
, Yamada
C
, Hamasaki
A
, Ida
M
, A new equation to estimate basal energy expenditure of patients with diabetes
. Clin Nutr
. 2013
;32
(5
):777
–82
. .23.
Ganpule
AA
, Tanaka
S
, Ishikawa-Takata
K
, Tabata
I
. Interindividual variability in sleeping metabolic rate in Japanese subjects
. Eur J Clin Nutr
. 2007
;61
(11
):1256
–61
. .24.
Kumahara
H
, Yoshioka
M
, Yoshitake
Y
, Shindo
M
, Schutz
Y
, Tanaka
H
. The difference between the basal metabolic rate and the sleeping metabolic rate in Japanese
. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol
. 2004 Dec
;50
(6
):441
–5
. .25.
Westerterp-Plantenga
MS
, van Marken Lichtenbelt
WD
, Strobbe
H
, Schrauwen
P
. Energy metabolism in humans at a lowered ambient temperature
. Eur J Clin Nutr
. 2002
;56
(4
):288
–96
. .26.
Schrauwen
P
, Van Marken Lichtenbelt
WD
, Westerterp
KR
. Energy balance in a respiration chamber: individual adjustment of energy intake to energy expenditure
. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord
. 1997
;21
(9
):769
–74
. .27.
Sagayama
H
, Yoshimura
E
, Yamada
Y
, Tanaka
H
. The effects of rapid weight loss and 3-h recovery on energy expenditure, carbohydrate, and fat oxidation in boxing athletes
. J Sports Med Phys Fitness
. 2019
;59
(6
):1018
–25
. .28.
Iwayama
K
, Kawabuchi
R
, Park
I
, Kurihara
R
, Kobayashi
M
, Hibi
M
, Transient energy deficit induced by exercise increases 24-h fat oxidation in young trained men
. J Appl Physiol
. 2015
;118
(1
):80
–5
.29.
Hibi
M
, Sugiya
Y
, Yokoyama
R
, Takase
H
, Shiiba
D
, Meguro
S
, The short-term effect of diacylglycerol oil consumption on total and dietary fat utilization in overweight women
. Obesity
. 2011
;19
(3
):536
–40
.30.
Henning
B
, Löfgren
R
, Sjöström
L
. Chamber for indirect calorimetry with improved transient response
. Med Biol Eng Comput
. 1996
;34
(3
):207
–12
.31.
Weir
JB de V
. New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism
. J Physiol
. 1949
;109
(1–2
):1
–9
.32.
Adriaens
MPE
, Schoffelen
PFM
, Westerterp
KR
. Intra-individual variation of basal metabolic rate and the influence of daily habitual physical activity before testing
. Br J Nutr
. 2003
;90
(2
):419
–23
. .33.
Schoffelen
PFM
, Westerterp
KR
. Intra-individual variability and adaptation of overnight- and sleeping metabolic rate
. Physiol Behav
. 2008
;94
(2
):158
–63
. .34.
Melanson
KJ
, Saltzman
E
, Russell
R
, Roberts
SB
. Postabsorptive and postprandial energy expenditure and substrate oxidation do not change during the menstrual cycle in young women
. J Nutr
. 1996
;126
(10
):2531
–8
. .35.
Day
DS
, Gozansky
WS
, Van Pelt
RE
, Schwartz
RS
, Kohrt
WM
. Sex hormone suppression reduces resting energy expenditure and β-adrenergic support of resting energy expenditure
. J Clin Endocrinol Metab
. 2005
;90
(6
):3312
–7
. 36.
Pelkman
CL
, Chow
M
, Heinbach
RA
, Rolls
BJ
. Short-term effects of a progestational contraceptive drug on food intake, resting energy expenditure, and body weight in young women
. Am J Clin Nutr
. 2001
;73
(1
):19
–26
. .37.
Benton
MJ
, Hutchins
AM
, Dawes
JJ
. Effect of menstrual cycle on resting metabolism: a systematic review and metaanalysis
. PLoS One
. 2020
;15
(7 July
):1
–21
.38.
Zhang
S
, Osumi
H
, Uchizawa
A
, Hamada
H
, Park
I
, Suzuki
Y
, Changes in sleeping energy metabolism and thermoregulation during menstrual cycle
. Physiol Rep
. 2020
;8
(2
):e14353
–10
. .39.
Bisdee
JT
, James
WP
, Shaw
MA
. Changes in energy expenditure during the menstrual cycle
. Br J Nutr
. 1989 Mar
;61
(2
):187
–99
. .40.
Meijer
GAL
, Westerterp
KR
, Saris
WHM
, Ten Hoor
F
. Sleeping metabolic rate in relation to body composition and the menstrual cycle
. Am J Clin Nutr
. 1992
;55
(3
):637
–40
. .41.
Westerterp
KR
. Diet induced thermogenesis
. Nutr Metab
. 2004
;1
(1
):5
. 42.
Reed
GW
, Hill
JO
. Measuring the thermic effect of food
. Am J Clin Nutr
. 1996 Feb
;63
(2
):164
–9
. .43.
Ocobock
C
. The effect of in-field measurement protocol on resting metabolic rate results
. Am J Phys Anthropol
. 2019
;169
(1
):199
–201
. .44.
Melanson
EL
, Chen
KY
. Letter to the Editor: twice as high diet-induced thermogenesis after breakfast vs dinner on high-calorie as well as low-calorie meals
. J Clin Endocrinol Metab
. 2020 Jul
;105
(7
):e2673
–4
.45.
Chen
KY
, Smith
S
, Ravussin
E
, Krakoff
J
, Plasqui
G
, Tanaka
S
, Room indirect calorimetry operating and reporting standards (RICORS 1.0): a guide to conducting and reporting human whole-room calorimeter studies
. Obesity
. 2020
;28
(9
):1613
–25
. .46.
Schoffelen
PFM
, Plasqui
G
. Classical experiments in whole-body metabolism: open-circuit respirometry—diluted flow chamber, hood, or facemask systems
. Eur J Appl Physiol
. 2018
;118
(1
):33
–49
.© 2021 S. Karger AG, Basel
2021
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.
