Identifying the underlying child-eating behaviours that contribute to weight differences across growth has been a constant challenge. This report reviews the various literature approaches for assessing appetite regulation. In doing so, it attempts to understand how appetite control develops and determines the eating habits in early childhood, and its effects on children’s weight status. The interaction between homeostatic and hedonic mechanisms largely explains the appetite regulation process. Homeostatic mechanisms are mediated by the biological need to maintain the body’s energy reserves, increasing the motivation to eat. On the contrary, the hedonic mechanisms are mediated by food reward, increasing the craving for high-palatable foods and triggering the release of dopamine and serotonin. There are many biological methods (plasma measurements of hormones, like leptin, ghrelin and insulin) and behavioural evaluation methods of appetite. The Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire is most commonly used, due to its adequate psychometric properties tested in several population settings. The development of eating behaviours begins in utero, and several determinants may contribute to a decrease in the ability to self-regulate dietary intake. Examples include genetic predisposition, the first taste experiences and the family environment, a key determinant in this process. Several eating behaviours contribute most to childhood obesity. Among them, are the external eating (eating by external stimuli, such as the mere presence of the food or its smell), food restriction (which may potentiate the uninhibited increased intake of the restricted foods) and emotional eating (intake due to emotional variations, especially negative feelings). These eating behaviours have been linked to childhood obesity.

1.
Scaglioni S, Salvioni M, Galimberti C: Influence of parental attitudes in the development of children eating behaviour. Br J Nutr 2008; 99(suppl 1):S22–S25.
2.
Farrow C, Blissett J: Stability and continuity of parentally reported child eating behaviours and feeding practices from 2 to 5 years of age. Appetite 2012; 58: 151–156.
3.
de Graaf C, Blom WA, Smeets PA, Stafleu A, Hendriks HF: Biomarkers of satiation and satiety. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79: 946–961.
4.
Halford JC, Blundell JE: Separate systems for serotonin and leptin in appetite control. Ann Med 2000; 32: 222–232.
5.
Viana V, Sinde S: O comportamento alimentar em crianças: Estudo de validação de um questionário numa amostra portuguesa (CEBQ). Anal Psicol 2008; 1: 111–120.
6.
Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 2000; 894: 1–253.
7.
Finkelstein EA, Ruhm CJ, Kosa KM: Economic causes and consequences of obesity. Annu Rev Public Health 2005; 26: 239–257.
8.
Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Boyce WF, Vereecken C, Mulvihill C, Roberts C, et al: Comparison of overweight and obesity prevalence in school-aged youth from 34 countries and their relationships with physical activity and dietary patterns. Obes Rev 2005; 6: 123–132.
9.
Carnell S, Wardle J: Measuring behavioural susceptibility to obesity: validation of the child eating behaviour questionnaire. Appetite 2007; 48: 104–113.
10.
Wardle J, Guthrie CA, Sanderson S, Rapoport L: Development of the children’s eating behaviour questionnaire. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2001; 42: 963–970.
11.
Lutter M, Nestler EJ: Homeostatic and hedonic signals interact in the regulation of food intake. J Nutr 2009; 139: 629–632.
12.
Harrold JA, Dovey TM, Blundell JE, Halford JC: CNS regulation of appetite. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63: 3–17.
13.
Blundell J: Pharmacological approaches to appetite suppression. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1991; 12: 147–157.
14.
Blundell J, de Graaf C, Hulshof T, Jebb S, Livingstone B, Lluch A, et al: Appetite control: methodological aspects of the evaluation of foods. Obes Rev 2010; 11: 251–270.
15.
Cummings DE, Purnell JQ, Frayo RS, Schmidova K, Wisse BE, Weigle DS: A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans. Diabetes 2001; 50: 1714–1719.
16.
Erlanson-Albertsson C: How palatable food disrupts appetite regulation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2005; 97: 61–73.
17.
Teff K: Nutritional implications of the cephalic-phase reflexes: endocrine responses. Appetite 2000; 34: 206–213.
18.
Saper CB, Chou TC, Elmquist JK: The need to feed: homeostatic and hedonic control of eating. Neuron 2002; 36: 199–211.
19.
Lowe MR, Butryn ML: Hedonic hunger: a new dimension of appetite? Physiol Behav 2007; 91: 432–439.
20.
Small DM, Jones-Gotman M, Dagher A: Feeding-induced dopamine release in dorsal striatum correlates with meal pleasantness ratings in healthy human volunteers. Neuroimage 2003; 19: 1709–1715.
21.
de Araujo IE, Oliveira-Maia AJ, Sotnikova TD, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG, Nicolelis MA, et al: Food reward in the absence of taste receptor signaling. Neuron 2008; 57: 930–941.
22.
Nansel TR, Lipsky LM, Eisenberg MH, Haynie DL, Liu D, Simons-Morton B: Greater food reward sensitivity is associated with more frequent intake of discretionary foods in a nationally representative sample of young adults. Front Nutr 2016; 3: 33.
23.
Stewart JE, Newman LP, Keast RS: Oral sensitivity to oleic acid is associated with fat intake and body mass index. Clin Nutr 2011; 30: 838–844.
24.
Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Logan J, Pappas NR, Wong CT, Zhu W, et al: Brain dopamine and obesity. Lancet 2001; 357: 354–357.
25.
Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Telang F, Fowler JS, Thanos PK, Logan J, et al: Low dopamine striatal D2 receptors are associated with prefrontal metabolism in obese subjects: possible contributing factors. Neuroimage 2008; 42: 1537–1543.
26.
Carnell S, Haworth CM, Plomin R, Wardle J: Genetic influence on appetite in children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32: 1468–1473.
27.
Llewellyn CH, van Jaarsveld CH, Johnson L, Carnell S, Wardle J: Nature and nurture in infant appetite: analysis of the Gemini twin birth cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 1172–1179.
28.
Stratigopoulos G, Padilla SL, LeDuc CA, Watson E, Hattersley AT, McCarthy MI, et al: Regulation of Fto/Ftm gene expression in mice and humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 294:R1185–R1196.
29.
Wardle J, Llewellyn C, Sanderson S, Plomin R: The FTO gene and measured food intake in children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 33: 42–45.
30.
Wardle J, Carnell S, Haworth CM, Farooqi IS, O'Rahilly S, Plomin R: Obesity associated genetic variation in FTO is associated with diminished satiety. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 3640–3643.
31.
Frayling TM, Timpson NJ, Weedon MN, Zeggini E, Freathy RM, Lindgren CM, et al: A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity. Science 2007; 316: 889–894.
32.
Birch LL: Development of food preferences. Annu Rev Nutr 1999; 19: 41–62.
33.
Savage JS, Fisher JO, Birch LL: Parental influence on eating behavior: conception to adolescence. J Law Med Ethics 2007; 35: 22–34.
34.
Beauchamp GK, Cowart BJ, Mennella JA, Marsh RR: Infant salt taste: developmental, methodological, and contextual factors. Dev Psychobiol 1994; 27: 353–365.
35.
Cowart BJ: Development of taste perception in humans: sensitivity and preference throughout the life span. Psychol Bull 1981; 90: 43–73.
36.
Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK: Maternal diet alters the sensory qualities of human milk and the nursling's behavior. Pediatrics 1991; 88: 737–744.
37.
Mennella JA, Johnson A, Beauchamp GK: Garlic ingestion by pregnant women alters the odor of amniotic fluid. Chem Senses 1995; 20: 207–209.
38.
Hauser GJ, Chitayat D, Berns L, Braver D, Muhlbauer B: Peculiar odours in newborns and maternal prenatal ingestion of spicy food. Eur J Pediatr 1985; 144: 403.
39.
Mennella JA, Jagnow CP, Beauchamp GK: Prenatal and postnatal flavor learning by human infants. Pediatrics 2001; 107:E88.
40.
Trabulsi JC, Mennella JA: Diet, sensitive periods in flavour learning, and growth. Int Rev Psychiatry 2012; 24: 219–230.
41.
Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK: The transfer of alcohol to human milk. Effects on flavor and the infant's behavior. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 981–985.
42.
Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK: The human infants’ response vanilla flavors in mother’s milk and formula. Infant Behav Dev 1996; 19: 13–19.
43.
Sullivan SA, Birch LL: Infant dietary experience and acceptance of solid foods. Pediatrics 1994; 93: 271–277.
44.
Brown A, Lee M: Breastfeeding during the first year promotes satiety responsiveness in children aged 18–24 months. Pediatr Obes 2012; 7: 382–390.
45.
Disantis KI, Collins BN, Fisher JO, Davey A: Do infants fed directly from the breast have improved appetite regulation and slower growth during early childhood compared with infants fed from a bottle? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2011; 8: 89.
46.
Brion MJ, Ness AR, Rogers I, Emmett P, Cribb V, Davey Smith G, et al: Maternal macronutrient and energy intakes in pregnancy and offspring intake at 10 y: exploring parental comparisons and prenatal effects. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 748–756.
47.
Wardle J, Guthrie C, Sanderson S, Birch L, Plomin R: Food and activity preferences in children of lean and obese parents. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: 971–977.
48.
Barbieri MA, Portella AK, Silveira PP, Bettiol H, Agranonik M, Silva AA, et al: Severe intrauterine growth restriction is associated with higher spontaneous carbohydrate intake in young women. Pediatr Res 2009; 65: 215–220.
49.
Crume TL, Scherzinger A, Stamm E, McDuffie R, Bischoff KJ, Hamman RF, et al: The long-term impact of intrauterine growth restriction in a diverse U.S. cohort of children: the EPOCH study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22: 608–615.
50.
Lussana F, Painter RC, Ocke MC, Buller HR, Bossuyt PM, Roseboom TJ: Prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine is associated with a preference for fatty foods and a more atherogenic lipid profile. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88: 1648–1652.
51.
Hendy HM, Raudenbush B: Effectiveness of teacher modeling to encourage food acceptance in preschool children. Appetite 2000; 34: 61–76.
52.
Birch LL, Fisher JO, Grimm-Thomas K, Markey CN, Sawyer R, Johnson SL: Confirmatory factor analysis of the Child Feeding Questionnaire: a measure of parental attitudes, beliefs and practices about child feeding and obesity proneness. Appetite 2001; 36: 201–210.
53.
Birch LL, Fisher JA: Appetite and eating behavior in children. Pediatr Clin North Am 1995; 42: 931–953.
54.
Fisher JO, Birch LL: Restricting access to foods and children’s eating. Appetite 1999; 32: 405–419.
55.
Mitchell GL, Farrow C, Haycraft E, Meyer C: Parental influences on children’s eating behaviour and characteristics of successful parent-focussed interventions. Appetite 2013; 60: 85–94.
56.
Afonso L, Lopes C, Severo M, Santos S, Real H, Durao C, et al: Bidirectional association between parental child-feeding practices and body mass index at 4 and 7 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103: 861–867.
57.
Durao C, Andreozzi V, Oliveira A, Moreira P, Guerra A, Barros H, et al: Maternal child-feeding practices and dietary inadequacy of 4-year-old children. Appetite 2015; 92: 15–23.
58.
Costanzo PR, Woody EZ: Domain-specific parenting styles and their impact on the child’s development of particular deviance: the example of obesity proneness. J Soc Clin Psychol 1985; 3: 425–445.
59.
Birch LL, Deysher M: Caloric compensation and sensory specific satiety: evidence for self regulation of food intake by young children. Appetite 1986; 7: 323–331.
60.
Birch LL, McPhee L, Sullivan S: Children’s food intake following drinks sweetened with sucrose or aspartame: time course effects. Physiol Behav 1989; 45: 387–395.
61.
Birch LL, Johnson SL, Andresen G, Peters JC, Schulte MC: The variability of young children's energy intake. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 232–235.
62.
Birch LL, Johnson SL, Jones MB, Peters JC: Effects of a nonenergy fat substitute on children's energy and macronutrient intake. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 58: 326–333.
63.
Birch LL, McPheee L, Shoba BC, Steinberg L, Krehbiel R: “Clean up your plate”: effects of child feeding practices on the conditioning of meal size. Learn Motiv 1987; 18: 301–317.
64.
Birch LL, Fisher JO: Mothers’ child-feeding practices influence daughters’ eating and weight. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 1054–1061.
65.
Fisher JO, Birch LL: Restricting access to palatable foods affects children's behavioral response, food selection, and intake. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 1264–1272.
66.
Johnson SL, Birch LL: Parents’ and children’s adiposity and eating style. Pediatrics 1994; 94: 653–661.
67.
Derks IP, Tiemeier H, Sijbrands EJ, Nicholson JM, Voortman T, Verhulst FC, et al: Testing the direction of effects between child body composition and restrictive feeding practices: results from a population-based cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106: 783–790.
68.
Carnell S, Benson L, Pryor K, Driggin E: Appetitive traits from infancy to adolescence: using behavioral and neural measures to investigate obesity risk. Physiol Behav 2013; 121: 79–88.
69.
Stice E, Spoor S, Bohon C, Veldhuizen MG, Small DM: Relation of reward from food intake and anticipated food intake to obesity: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Abnorm Psychol 2008; 117: 924–935.
70.
Ng J, Stice E, Yokum S, Bohon C: An fMRI study of obesity, food reward, and perceived caloric density. Does a low-fat label make food less appealing? Appetite 2011; 57: 65–72.
71.
Locke AE, Kahali B, Berndt SI, Justice AE, Pers TH, Day FR, et al: Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology. Nature 2015; 518: 197–206.
72.
Braet C, Van Strien T: Assessment of emotional, externally induced and restrained eating behaviour in nine to twelve-year-old obese and non-obese children. Behav Res Ther 1997; 35: 863–873.
73.
van Strien T, Oosterveld P: The children’s DEBQ for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating in 7- to 12-year-old children. Int J Eat Disord 2008; 41: 72–81.
74.
Llewellyn CH, van Jaarsveld CH, Johnson L, Carnell S, Wardle J: Development and factor structure of the Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire in the Gemini birth cohort. Appetite 2011; 57: 388–396.
75.
Sleddens EF, Kremers SP, Thijs C: The children’s eating behaviour questionnaire: factorial validity and association with Body Mass Index in Dutch children aged 6–7. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2008; 5: 49.
76.
Brown MR, Sidhu GS, Greiner R, Asgarian N, Bastani M, Silverstone PH, et al: ADHD-200 Global Competition: diagnosing ADHD using personal characteristic data can outperform resting state fMRI measurements. Front Syst Neurosci 2012; 6: 69.
77.
Svensson V, Lundborg L, Cao Y, Nowicka P, Marcus C, Sobko T: Obesity related eating behaviour patterns in Swedish preschool children and association with age, gender, relative weight and parental weight – factorial validation of the Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2011; 8: 134.
78.
Albuquerque G, Severo M, Oliveira A: Early life characteristics associated with appetite-related eating behaviors in 7-year-old children. J Pediatr 2017; 180: 38–46.e2.
79.
Cao YT, Svensson V, Marcus C, Zhang J, Zhang JD, Sobko T: Eating behaviour patterns in Chinese children aged 12–18 months and association with relative weight – factorial validation of the Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2012; 9: 5.
80.
Sparks MA, Radnitz CL: Confirmatory factor analysis of the Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire in a low-income sample. Eat Behav 2012; 13: 267–270.
81.
Domoff SE, Miller AL, Kaciroti N, Lumeng JC: Validation of the Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire in a low-income preschool-aged sample in the United States. Appetite 2015; 95: 415–420.
82.
Spence JC, Carson V, Casey L, Boule N: Examining behavioural susceptibility to obesity among Canadian pre-school children: the role of eating behaviours. Int J Pediatr Obes 2011; 6:e501–e507.
83.
Loh DA, Moy FM, Zaharan NL, Mohamed Z: Eating behaviour among multi-ethnic adolescents in a middle-income country as measured by the self-reported Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82885.
84.
Mallan KM, Liu WH, Mehta RJ, Daniels LA, Magarey A, Battistutta D: Maternal report of young children’s eating styles. Validation of the Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire in three ethnically diverse Australian samples. Appetite 2013; 64: 48–55.
85.
Santos JL, Ho-Urriola JA, Gonzalez A, Smalley SV, Dominguez-Vasquez P, Cataldo R, et al: Association between eating behavior scores and obesity in Chilean children. Nutr J 2011; 10: 108.
86.
Behar AI, Crespo NC, Garcia ML, Ayala GX, Campbell N, Shadron LM, et al: Validation of a shortened version of the children’s eating behavior questionnaire and associations with BMI in a clinical sample of latino children. J Nutr Educ Behav 2018; 50: 372–378.e1.
87.
Quah PL, Cheung YB, Pang WW, Toh JY, Saw SM, Godfrey KM, et al: Validation of the Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire in 3 year old children of a multi-ethnic Asian population: the GUSTO cohort study. Appetite 2017; 113: 100–105.
88.
Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, et al: Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2014; 384: 766–781.
89.
Freedman DS, Mei Z, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS, Dietz WH: Cardiovascular risk factors and excess adiposity among overweight children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. J Pediatr 2007; 150: 12–17.e2.
90.
Thompson DR, Obarzanek E, Franko DL, Barton BA, Morrison J, Biro FM, et al: Childhood overweight and cardiovascular disease risk factors: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. J Pediatr 2007; 150: 18–25.
91.
Park MH, Falconer C, Viner RM, Kinra S: The impact of childhood obesity on morbidity and mortality in adulthood: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2012; 13: 985–1000.
92.
Herman KM, Craig CL, Gauvin L, Katzmarzyk PT: Tracking of obesity and physical activity from childhood to adulthood: the Physical Activity Longitudinal Study. Int J Pediatr Obes 2009; 4: 281–288.
93.
Eriksson J, Forsen T, Osmond C, Barker D: Obesity from cradle to grave. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27: 722–727.
94.
Whitaker RC, Deeks CM, Baughcum AE, Specker BL: The relationship of childhood adiposity to parent body mass index and eating behavior. Obes Res 2000; 8: 234–240.
95.
Lake JK, Power C, Cole TJ: Child to adult body mass index in the 1958 British birth cohort: associations with parental obesity. Arch Dis Child 1997; 77: 376–381.
96.
Whitaker RC, Wright JA, Pepe MS, Seidel KD, Dietz WH: Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 869–873.
97.
Stice E, Marti CN, Shaw H, Jaconis M: An 8-year longitudinal study of the natural history of threshold, subthreshold, and partial eating disorders from a community sample of adolescents. J Abnorm Psychol 2009; 118: 587–597.
98.
Neumark-Sztainer DR, Wall MM, Haines JI, Story MT, Sherwood NE, van den Berg PA: Shared risk and protective factors for overweight and disordered eating in adolescents. Am J Prev Med 2007; 33: 359–369.
99.
Snoek HM, van Strien T, Janssens JM, Engels RC: Emotional, external, restrained eating and overweight in Dutch adolescents. Scand J Psychol 2007; 48: 23–32.
100.
Field AE, Austin SB, Taylor CB, Malspeis S, Rosner B, Rockett HR, et al: Relation between dieting and weight change among preadolescents and adolescents. Pediatrics 2003; 112: 900–906.
101.
Silva JR, Capurrob G, Saumannc MP, Slachevskyd A: Problematic eating behaviors and nutritional status in 7 to 12 year-old Chilean children. Int J Clin Heal Psychol 2013; 13: 32–39.
102.
Strien VT, Frijters JE: The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behavior. J Eat 1986; 5: 295–315.
103.
Braet C, Claus L, Goossens L, Moens E, Van Vlierberghe L, Soetens B: Differences in eating style between overweight and normal-weight youngsters. J Health Psychol 2008; 13: 733–743.
104.
Lluch A, Herbeth B, Mejean L, Siest G: Dietary intakes, eating style and overweight in the Stanislas Family Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 1493–1499.
105.
Polivy J, Heatherton TF, Herman CP: Self-esteem, restraint, and eating behavior. J Abnorm Psychol 1988; 97: 354–356.
106.
Silva JR : Sobrealimentación Inducida por la ansiedad parte I: evidencia conductual, afectiva, metabólica e Endocrina. Ter Psicol 2007; 25: 141–154.
107.
Silva JR : Sobrealimentación inducida por la ansiedad, parte II: un marco de referencia neurocientífico para el desarrollo de técnicas psicoterapéuticas. Ter Psicol 2008; 26: 99–115.
108.
Silva JR: Overeating and restrained eaters: an affective neuroscience perspective. Rev Med Chil 2008; 136: 1336–1342.
109.
Reas DL, Grilo CM: Timing and sequence of the onset of overweight, dieting, and binge eating in overweight patients with binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord 2007; 40: 165–170.
110.
Decaluwe V, Braet C: Prevalence of binge-eating disorder in obese children and adolescents seeking weight-loss treatment. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27: 404–409.
111.
Stice E, Presnell K, Shaw H, Rohde P: Psychological and behavioral risk factors for obesity onset in adolescent girls: a prospective study. J Consult Clin Psychol 2005; 73: 195–202.
112.
Muller A, Claes L, Mitchell JE, Fischer J, Horbach T, de Zwaan M: Binge eating and temperament in morbidly obese prebariatric surgery patients. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2012; 20:e91–e95.
113.
Cargill BR, Clark MM, Pera V, Niaura RS, Abrams DB: Binge eating, body image, depression, and self-efficacy in an obese clinical population. Obes Res 1999; 7: 379–386.
114.
Mas MB, Navarro ML, López J, et al: Personality traits and eating disorders: Mediating effects of self-esteem and perfectionism. Int J Clin Heal Psychol 2011; 11: 205–227.
115.
Silva JR: Restraint eating and sensitivity to stress: preliminary experimental evidence. Riv Psichiatr 2011; 46: 300–304.
116.
Silva JR, Ortiz M, Quinones A, Vera-Villarroel P, Slachevsky A: Affective style and eating disorders: a field study. Eat Weight Disord 2011; 16:e73–e80.
117.
Medina-Pradas C, Navarro JB, Álvarez-Moya EM, Grau A, Obiols JE: Emotional theory of mind in eating disorders. Int J Clin Heal Psychol 2012; 12: 189–202.
118.
van Strien T, Herman CP, Verheijden MW: Eating style, overeating, and overweight in a representative Dutch sample. Does external eating play a role? Appetite 2009; 52: 380–387.
119.
Caccialanza R, Nicholls D, Cena H, Maccarini L, Rezzani C, Antonioli L, et al: Validation of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire parent version (DEBQ-P) in the Italian population: a screening tool to detect differences in eating behaviour among obese, overweight and normal-weight preadolescents. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58: 1217–1222.
120.
Ahearn WH, Castine T, Nault K, Green G: An assessment of food acceptance in children with autism or pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified. J Autism Dev Disord 2001; 31: 505–511.
121.
Raiten DJ, Massaro T: Perspectives on the nutritional ecology of autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord 1986; 16: 133–143.
122.
Williams PG, Dalrymple N, Neal J: Eating habits of children with autism. Pediatr Nurs 2000; 26: 259–264.
123.
French SA, Epstein LH, Jeffery RW, Blundell JE, Wardle J: Eating behavior dimensions. Associations with energy intake and body weight. A review. Appetite 2012; 59: 541–549.
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.