Objectives: The possibility of leakage of CD34+ bone marrow stem cells from the peripheral blood into the coelomic cavity and the capability of coelomic fluid factors to induce their non-hematogenous differentiation were examined by immunocytochemistry (ICC). Study Design: Body cavity fluid smears from 12 and 18 patients with and without cancer, respectively, were processed for double immunoperoxidase or double fluorescent ICC methods using antibodies against CD34, CD14, CD16, CD68, AE1/AE3, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), D2-40, and CA125. Results: Heavily irritated exudative fluid from 6 patients with or without cancer contained a few small round cells positive for CD34. Some of them co-expressed myeloid or monocytic markers such as CD14, CD68 or CD16. Some of the CD34+ cells also co-expressed AE1/AE3 or EGFR. In addition, D2-40 and CA125 were also demonstrated though the expression of the latter was quite sporadic. Conclusion: These findings support the concept that CD34+ stem cells can be released into irritated body cavity fluid and the possibility of subsequent differentiation to a non-hematogenous lineage under the influence of local humoral factors, in agreement with our previous in vitro experiments. The possibility of such a phenomenon should be kept in mind when body cavity fluid specimens are analyzed by ICC for diagnostic purposes.

Keywords:
Body cavity fluid, CD34, Immunocytochemistry, Stem cells
1.
Zhao Y, Glesne D, Huberman E: A human peripheral blood monocyte-derived subset acts as pluripotent stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:2426–2431.
2.
Kataoka H, Kobayashi TK, Amano S, Yamada E, Ishida M, Kushima R, Okabe H: Body cavity fluid can induce epithelial and mesothelial differentiation from CD34 positive peripheral blood stem cells in vitro. Cytopathology, E-pub ahead of print.
3.
Bjornson CR, Rietze RL, Reynolds BA, Magli MC, Vescovi AL: Turning brain into blood: a hematopoietic fate adopted by adult neural stem cells in vivo. Science 1999;283:534–537.
4.
Petersen BE, Bowen WC, Patrene KD, Mars WM, Sullivan AK, Murase N, Boggs SS, Greenberger JS, Goff JP: Bone marrow as a potential source of hepatic oval cells. Science 1999;284:1168–1170.
5.
Krause DS, Theise ND, Collector MI, Henegariu O, Hwang S, Gardner R, Neutzel S, Sharkis SJ: Multi-organ, multi-lineage engraftment by a single bone marrow-derived stem cell. Cell 2001;105:369–377.
6.
Goyert SM, Ferrero E, Rettiq WJ, Yanamandra AK, Obata F, Le Beau MM: The CD14 monocyte differentiation antigen maps to a region encoding growth factors and receptors. Science 1988;239:497–500.
7.
Baumgartner I, Scheiner O, Holzinger C, Boltz-Nitulescu G, Klech H, Lassmann H, Rumpold H, Forster O, Kraft D: Expression of the VEP13 antigen (CD16) on native human alveolar macrophages and cultured blood monocytes. Immunobiology 1988;177:317–326.
8.
Pulford KA, Sipos A, Cordell JL, Stross WP, Mason DY: Distribution of the CD68 macrophage/myeloid associated antigen. Int Immunol 1990;2:973–980.
9.
Osawa M, Hanada K, Hamada H, Nakauchi H: Long-term lymphohematopoietic reconstitution by a single CD34 low/negative hematopoietic stem cell. Science 1996;273:242–245.
10.
Calvi LM, Adams GB, Weibrecht KW, Weber JM, Olson DP, Knight MC, Martin RP, Schipani E, Divieti P, Bringhurst FR, Milner LA, Kronenberg HM, Scadden DT: Osteoblastic cells regulate the haematopoietic stem cell niche. Nature 2003;425:841–846.
11.
Yamazaki S, Iwama A, Takayanagi S, Morita Y, Eto K, Ema H, Nakauchi H: Cytokine signals modulated via lipid rafts mimic niche signals and induce hibernation in hematopoietic stem cells. EMBO J 2006;25:3515–3523.
12.
Corcoran JP, Ferretti P: Keratin 8 and 18 expression in mesenchymal progenitor cells of regenerating limbs is associated with cell proliferation and differentiation. Dev Dyn 1997;210:355–370.
13.
Burnouf T, Lee CY, Luo CW, Kuo YP, Chou ML, Wu YW, Tseng YH, Su CY: Human blood-derived fibrin releasates: composition and use for the culture of cell lines and human primary cells. Biologicals 2012;40:21–30.
14.
Ordóñez NG: D2-40 and podoplanin are highly specific and sensitive immunohistochemical markers of epithelioid malignant mesothelioma. Hum Pathol 2005;36:372–380.
15.
Chu AY, Litzky LA, Pasha TL, Acs G, Zhang PJ: Utility of D2-40, a novel mesothelial marker, in the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Mod Pathol 2005;18:105–110.
16.
Dazzi H, Hasleton PS, Thatcher N: Malignant pleural mesothelioma and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R). Relationship of EGF-R with histology and survival using fixed paraffin embedded tissue and the F4, monoclonal antibody. Br J Cancer 1990;61:924–926.
17.
Ramael M, Seqers K, Buysse C, Van den Bossche J, Van Marck E: Immunohistochemical distribution patterns of epidermal growth factor receptor in malignant mesothelioma and non-neoplastic mesothelium. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1991;419:171–175.
18.
Liu CD, Tilch L, Kwan D, McFadden DW: Vascular endothelial growth factor is increased in ascites from metastatic pancreatic cancer. J Surg Res 2000;102:31–34.
© 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel
2012
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.